大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1～3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1～3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2～3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1～3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1～4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。

Farm household livelihood diversity and land use in suburban areas of the metropolis:The case study of Daxing District, Beijing

Based on a fieldwork data collected from 395farm households in Daxing District,Beijing,this paper firstly designated an index system appraising different resource endowment status for sampled farmers,and then classified them into five groups using non-hierarchical cluster analysis,that is,(1)intermediate land endowment with moderate non-agricultural income;(2)high land endowment with non-agricultural income;(3)intermediate land endowment with low non-agricultural income;(4)pure farmers;(5)non-agricultural household,finally examined the impact of farm household livelihood diversity on land use.Our study shows that:(1)farmer groups 1-3,pure farmers and non-agricultural households from suburban areas of the metropolis tended to take strategies such as combining agriculture and non-agriculture opportunity,staying in agriculture and leaving agricultural field respectively;(2)for farmer groups 1-3and non-agricultural households,the livelihood diversity index(LDI)for about 70% of the farm households ranged from two to three with grain crops sown areas having the biggest share of the total planting area,followed by that of economic crops;(3)for farmer groups 1-3 and non-agricultural households,local non-agricultural employment was the main choice for farm household labor with the lowest age and highest education level;(4)due to the extensive farmland conversion at district level in suburb areas of the metropolis,farmer groups from 1 to 4 were forced to be transformed into group 5.Lower return from land use continuously promoted diverse farm household livelihoods,which might cause consequences such as standstill grain production,land circulation,big-scale land properties change,and soil nutrient enrichment.