Transport of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) across the Scotia Sea. Part I: Circulation and particle tracking simulations |
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| Institution: | 1. Climate Change Research Centre, Level 4, Mathews Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia;2. ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Australia;3. Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;4. Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston TAS 7050, Australia;5. Bureau of Meteorology, P.O. Box 413, Darlinghurst NSW 1300, Australia;6. Akvaplan-niva, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway;7. Alfred Wegener Institut, Postfach 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany;8. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway;1. Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS/IRD/G-INP, IGE, Grenoble, France;2. Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom;3. Mercator Ocean, Ramonville Saint Agne, France;4. Sorbonne Universités (University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, Paris, France;5. University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;1. Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;2. Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;3. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia;4. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, Australia;5. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS) is configured to simulate the circulation of the Scotia Sea and environs. This is part of a study designed to test the hypothesis that Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) populations at South Georgia in the eastern Scotia Sea are sustained by import of individuals from upstream regions, such as the western Antarctic Peninsula. Comparison of the simulated circulation fields obtained from HOPS with observations showed good agreement. The surface circulation, particularly through the Drake Passage and across the Scotia Sea, matches observations, with its northeastward flow characterized by three high-speed fronts. Also, the Weddell Sea and the Brazil Current, and their associated transports match observations. In addition, mesoscale variability, an important component of the flow in this region, is found in the simulated circulation and the model is overall well suited to model krill transport. Drifter simulations conducted with HOPS showed that krill spawned in areas coinciding with known krill spawning sites along the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf can be entrained into the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF). They are transported across the Scotia Sea to South Georgia in 10 months or less. Drifters originating on the continental shelf of the Weddell Sea can reach South Georgia as well; however, transport from this region averages about 20 months. Additional simulations show that such transport is sensitive to changes in wind stress and the location of the SACCF. The results of this study show that krill populations along the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea are possible source populations that can provide krill to the South Georgia population. However, successful transport of krill to South Georgia is shown to depend on a multitude of factors, such as the location of the spawning area and timing of spawning, and variations in the location of the SACCF. Therefore, this study provides insight into which environmental factors control the successful transport of krill across the Scotia Sea and with it a better understanding of krill distribution in the region. |
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