明、清、民国时期地图要素视觉表达方法分析

自明代杰出的地图学家罗洪先（1504-1564年）所编制的《广舆图》（1541年）和利玛窦带来西方精确地图测绘技术开始,中国的地图制图技术已经迈入了近代地图学的门槛,因此,明-清-民国是中国近代地图学从雏形走向成熟的完整阶段^[1]。随着现代地图的应用与发展广泛、深入,抽象的概括型地图符号及普通的二维平面地图已不能满足读图者的需求,制图者开始探索虚拟现实、三维地图等表达方法,这与中国近代传统制图的写景法有异曲同工之处。所以,对中国近代地图制图技术及表现方法的研究,对于现代地图学的发展具有重要作用。本文通过阅读大量的中国近代（即明、清、民国时期）的地图资料,查阅前人的研究资料,总结和提炼了中国明、清、民国3个不同时期地图制图的技术,分别阐述了3个时期地图要素、表示方法及其制图技术的发展。

The Visual Expression Analysis of Map Elements in Ming and Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

Since the Enlarged Terrestrial Atlas (1541) compiled by the outstanding cartographer Luo Hongxian (1504-1564) in the Ming Dynasty and the incoming western precise mapping technology brought by Matteo Ricci, China's cartographic technology had entered the academy of modern cartography, and then gradually matured during Ming, Qing and Republic of China periods. With the constant development and application of today’s cartography, the summarized map symbols and ordinary two-dimensional maps can no longer meet the needs of readers. Cartographers began to explore new types of expressions, such as Visual Reality and 3D maps, which resembles the traditional meticulous methods appeared in old Chinese maps. Therefore, it’s necessary to study the cartography technology and expression method in Chinese Modern Cartography period. Basing on plenty old maps produced in Chinese Modern Cartography period and related academic materials, this paper overviewed the cartography technology in these periods, summarized the map elements and expression methods adopted, in order to provide some inspirations to the development of today’s Chinese cartography.