生态建设政策交易成本及其结构的比较

将交易成本分析引入沙漠化地区生态建设政策分析过程, 确定交易成本由搜寻信息成本、签订合约成本、建设及营运成本、监督对方是否违约成本、违约后寻求赔偿成本共5部分构成. 每个部分根据研究区域生态政策实施的关键节点进行指标分解, 设计政策交易成本分析的21个指标. 为了将不同生态政策之间的绩效进行对比, 构造了交易成本结构指数, 它由内生交易成本占总交易成本的比重、农户投入占生态建设项目生产成本的比重、交易成本占生态建设项目交易成本与生产成本之和的比重共3个指标构成. 根据在宁夏盐池县的调研数据, 测算退耕还林政策和天然林保护政策的交易成本分别为640.87元·hm^-2·a^-1和41.49元·hm^-2·a^-1, 交易成本结构指数值分别为0.1242和0.2292, 实施效果分别是很好和较好;"三北"防护林政策的交易成本为806.08元·hm^-2·a^-1, 交易成本结构指数值为0.4149, 实施效果一般;草地禁牧政策的交易成本为530.45元·hm^-2·a^-1, 交易成本结构指数值为0.8575, 实施效果很差. 生态政策的交易成本及其结构分析, 将为不同生态建设政策的比较和绩效评价提供一个新的角度, 具有重要意义.

A Comparison Between Transaction Cost and Structure of Ecological Construction Policies

In this paper, transaction cost analysis is introduced into ecological construction policy analysis process in desertification regions, and five costs are defined as transaction costs, which are information search cost, contract signing cost, construction and operating cost, supervision cost and seeking compensation cost, respectively. For each part, index decomposition is done according to the key nodes of the implementation of regional ecological policy and a total of 21 indexes of policy transaction cost analysis are designed. A transaction cost structure index is constructed in order to compare the performance between different ecological policies. The transaction cost structure index is constituted by three norms: the ratio of endogenous transaction cost to the total transaction cost, the ratio of farm inputs to the production cost of ecological construction projects, and the ratio of transaction cost to the sum of production cost and transaction cost of ecological construction projects. According to an investigation in Yanchi County, it is revealed that Return the Grain Plots to Forestry and Natural Forest Protection policy have good and relatively good implementation effects with transaction costs of 640.87 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1 and 41.49 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1 and transaction cost structure indexes of 0.1242 and 0.2292, respectively;the "Three-North" Shelterbelt policy has a general effect and its transaction cost is 806.08 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1 and transaction cost structure index is 0.4149;Grassland Grazing Prohibition policy has poor effect with transaction cost of 530.45 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1 and transaction cost structure index of 0.8575. Transaction cost and structure analysis of ecological policy is of great significance, providing a new perspective for comparison and performance evaluation of different ecological construction policies.