Fracture systems in normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks,Northwest German Basin |
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| Institution: | 1. Falcon Geo-Consulting, Wildwood Dr. SW, T3C 3E2, Calgary, Canada;2. Pacific Rubiales Energy, Av. Jorge Chavez 154, Lima D.C., Peru;3. Gran Tierra Energy Colombia, Calle 113 No. 7, Bogotá D.C., Colombia;4. Gran Tierra Energy Inc., 150 13 Ave. SW, T2R 0V2, Calgary, Canada;5. Gran Tierra Energy Perú, Calle Andrés Reyes 437, San Isidro, Lima, Peru;1. Université Paris Sud Orsay, France;2. TOTAL EP, 64018, Pau, France;3. Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Sezione di Geologia, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy;1. Post-Graduation Program in Petroleum and Mineral Exploration, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil;2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil;3. Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;4. Petrobras Research Center, Brazil;5. Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy;1. Northwest Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Urumuqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China;2. Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute of Northwest Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Urumuqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China;3. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China;1. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway;2. Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK |
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| Abstract: | Field studies of fracture systems associated with 58 normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks were performed in the Northwest German Basin. Fracture orientations, densities, apertures and lengths, as well as fault zone structural indices, were analysed separately for fault damage zones and host rocks. The results show a pronounced difference between carbonate and clastic rocks: mainly in carbonate rocks we found presence of clear damage zones, characterized by higher fracture densities than in the host rocks. While the maximum aperture is similar for both units, the percentage of fractures with large apertures is much higher in the damage zones than in the host rocks.Based on laboratory measurements of Young's moduli and field measurements of fracture densities, we calculate effective stiffnesses Ee, that is the Young's moduli of the in situ rock masses, within the normal fault zones. Compared with carbonate rocks, Ee computed for clastic-rock damage zones decreases significantly less due to lower fracture densities. We conclude that normal fault zones in carbonate rocks have more profound effects on enhancing permeability in fluid reservoirs than those in clastic rocks. The results are of great importance for modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of normal fault zones in subsurface fluid reservoirs. |
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