| 摘 要： | Exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is known to harm public health.In China,after implementation of aggressive emissions control measures under the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control(2013-2017),air quality has significantly improved.In this work,we investigated changes in PM_(2.5) exposure and the associated health impacts in China for the period 2013-2017.We used an optimal estimator of PM_(2.5) combining in-situ observations,satellite measurements,and simulations from a chemical transport model to derive the spatial and temporal variations in PM_(2.5) exposure,and then used welldeveloped exposure-response functions to estimate the premature deaths attributable to PM_(2.5) exposure.We found that national population-weighed annual mean PM_(2.5) concentrations decreased from 67.4μgm~(-3) in 2013 to 45.5μgm~(-3) in 2017(32%reduction).This rapid decrease in PM_(2.5) pollution led to a 14% reduction in premature deaths due to long-term exposure.We estimated that,during 2013-2017,the premature deaths attributable to long-term PM_(2.5) exposure decreased from 1.2 million(95% CI:1.0,1.3;fraction of total mortality:13%) in 2013 to 1.0 million(95% CI:0.9,1.2;10%) in 2017.Despite the rapid decrease in annual mean PM_(2.5) concentrations,health benefits associated with reduced long-term exposure were limited,because for many cities,the PM_(2.5) levels remain at the portion where the exposure-response function is less steeper than that at the lowconcentration end.We also found that the deaths associated with acute exposure decreased by 61% during 2013-2017 due to rapid reduction in the number of heavily polluted days.Our results confirm that clean air policies in China have mitigated the air pollution crisis;however,continuous emissions reduction efforts are required to protect citizens from air pollution.
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