Seasonal variations in the vertical structure of water vapor optical depth in the lower troposphere over a tropical station

Spatio-temporal variations of water vapor optical depth in the lower troposphere (450-3850 m) over Pune (18°32′N, 73°51/t’E, 559 m Above Mean Sea Level), India have been studied over a period of five years. The mean vertical structure showed that the moisture content is greatest at the lowest level and decreases with increasing altitude, except in the south-west monsoon season (June to September) where an increase upto 950 m has been found. Optical depths are maximum in the monsoon season. The increase from pre-monsoon (March–May) to monsoon season in moisture content on an average is by about 58% in the above altitude range. The temporal variations in surface Relative Humidity and optical depth at 450 m show positive correlation. The amplitude of seasonal oscillation is the largest at 1465 m altitude. The time-height cross-sections of water vapor optical depths in the lower troposphere showed a contrast between years of good and bad monsoon.