游客拥挤的生成、差异与影响:综述与展望

随着旅游活动大众化,游客拥挤愈发常态化。全面梳理游客拥挤的研究进展对于强化游客管理、促进旅游业高质量发展具有重要意义。从游客拥挤的内涵、测度、生成机制、影响因素、作用效果等多个角度进行文献梳理,研究发现:1)游客拥挤是游客对所处游览环境的负面评价,是对空间拥挤和人群拥挤的消极感知,刺激超载理论、社会干预理论及期望理论对游客拥挤的生成具有较好的解释效应;2)游客拥挤感存在明显差异,该差异主要来源于个体、空间场景及人群环境等因素,社会认同理论、唤醒理论、规范理论及曼宁理论能够有效解释游客拥挤感知差异的生成;3)游客拥挤易对游客情感、旅游满意度与忠诚度产生负面影响,易引发产品转换、合理化、置换等调试行为。今后研究可结合时空情境,关注游客拥挤的差异化测量、识别影响游客拥挤的关键因素以及探明游客拥挤的多元影响,如游客拥挤对景区管理、目的地规划布局、旅游可持续发展的影响。

An Overview and Future Prospect on Generation,Difference and Effect of Tourist Crowding

With the popularization and normalization of tourism activities,tourist crowding as a normal phenomenon occurs frequently.It is of great significance to have a comprehensive review and analysis of the research progress of tourist crowding,in order to improve the service quality for tourists,strengthen management of tourist sites and promote high-quality development of tourism.This literature review consists of the perspectives of connotation,measurement,generation mechanism,influencing factors and effect of tourist crowding.The results are as follows.1)Tourist crowding is a negative evaluation about physical crowding and person crowding in tourist environment.2)Stimulus overload theory,social intervention theory and expectation theory have a good theoretical explanation of the generation of tourist crowding.3)There are significant differences in tourists′perception of crowding,which are mainly caused by individual factors,spatial factors and social environment factors.Moreover,social identity theory,arousal theory,normative theory and Manning′s theory can explain the formation of tourists′crowding differences.4)Tourist crowding is likely to have a negative impact on tourists′emotion,travel satisfaction and loyalty,and to facilitate product transformation,rationalization,replacement and other debugging behaviors.Future studies can focus on the differential measurement of tourist congestion,identifying the key factors that affect tourist crowding,and exploring the multiple impacts of tourist crowding in combination with the spatial-temporal context.In addition,attention should also be given to the effect and benefit of tourist crowding research on management of tourist sites,destination planning and layout.