新兴城市类单位社区生活圈的建构路径与特征差异——以深圳为例

有关单位制度与生活圈的讨论多数集中在具有较长计划经济历史与较强国有经济色彩的城市,但是实际上一些新兴城市也存在单位制度实践或类似制度实践。以深圳为例,论文在分析了深圳城市建设与发展过程中的单位制度力量后,选取7个具有单位社区特征的社区,对比商品房社区与城中村社区,从空间行为和社会关系等维度描绘了这些社区居民生活圈的特征差异。结果表明：单位制度在这些社区中的空间与社会实践过程存在显著差异,形成了传统单位与类单位社区的生活圈结构与模式。相比于单位社区,类单位社区生活圈具有职住接近、满足日常生活需求、社区共同体意识强等传统单位社区特征的同时,也因居民对单位没有人身依附关系,居民能够充分利用城市各项设施,满足多样化城市生活需求。研究认为应该鼓励发展多种类型的类单位社区,支持各类企业单位或社区开发商参与公共产品供给,完善社区生活圈的建构机制。

Danwei-based life circle practice in the emerging city of Shenzhen: Construction and characteristics

As the basic institutional arrangement for resource allocation and social integration in China during the era of planned economy, the danwei system played an important role in shaping the daily activity space and life circle structure of urban residents. However, currently studies on the relationship between the danwei system and life circle mostly focus on cities with a long history of planned economy and strong state-owned economy. Few studies have attempted to focus on the danwei system in emerging cities, although the danwei system practice existed in these cities. In addition, few studies have explained the formation and development of life circle from the perspective of public service facility supply mechanism. This study first analyzed the evolving role of the danwei system in the process of urban construction and development in Shenzhen City. Seven communities with features of danwei compounds, named as pan-danwei communities, together with one commercial housing community and one urban village community, were selected to depict the life circles of residents in these communities from the dimensions of spatial behavior and social relations. We believe that the path differences of the danwei system on the spatial and social practice that occurred in these communities have resulted in different community life circle structures and patterns. The life circle of these pan-danwei communities has similar features with the traditional danwei communities. These features include work-housing balance, self-contained amenity provision, and strong sense of community. On the other hand, because residents have no personal attachment to the danwei or the neighborhoods, they can make full use of various urban facilities to meet diverse demands. It provides a new model of reconstructing life circle in China, learning from the danwei communities. It is essential to encourage the development of various types of pan-danwei communities. Especially, various enterprise units or community developers should be supported to participate in the public good provision mechanism, and the construction mechanism of community life circles should be improved. Analyzing the localized practice of community life circles of this type of danwei compound can enrich the concept and construction models of community life circle in a market economy environment.