Testing of a higher-order closure model for modeling airflow within and above plant canopies

A higher-order closure model was developed to simulate airflow within and above vegetative environments. The model consists of equations for the mean wind, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) components, tangential stress and simplified equations for the third-order transport terms that appear in the second-order equations. The model in general successfully simulated wind speed profiles within and above maize, been, soybeen, wheat, orange and spruce canopies. Profiles of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaace% WG1bGbauaadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaaaa!37EC!\\overline {u'^2 } \] and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaace% WG3bGbauaadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaaaa!37EE!\\overline {w'^2 } \] for the maize canopy were overestimated near the top of the canopy where both shear and wake production of TKE are high. These errors are believed to be caused by incorrect parameterizations for either the dissipation rate of TKE and/or the pressure-velocity correlations in the budget equations for the second moments.