塔里木河的水资源利用与生态保护

分析塔里木河1956－2000年间水资源开发利用过程中的生态与环境问题时发现，进入90年代，塔里木河源流区的山区来水量增加了约10.9%，但是，源流区补给塔里木河干流的水量却减少了18.83%。三源流灌区用水量的增加导致塔里木河干流区的来水量不断减少，而塔里木河下游来水量的大幅度减少，则是因塔里木河干流上中游耗水量的增加引起。塔里木河干流自身沿程水量变化对下游水量减少的影响，远大于塔里木河上游三源流来水变化对下游造成的影响；塔里木河下游来水量的锐减，造成下游河道断流321km，尾闾湖泊干涸，地下水位下降，天然植被衰败，沙漠化过程加剧。

Utilization of Water Resources and Ecological Protection in the Tarim River

In this paper, the exploitation of water resources and the corresponding environmental problems in the Tarim River during the past five decades are mainly analyzed as follows: (1) Statistics show that in the 1990s, the annual volumes of runoff from the mountainous regions of the source stream areas increased obviously (by 10.9%), compared to that in the 1950s. The water volume supplied from the Aqsu, Yarkand, and Hetian rivers to the Tarim River reduced greatly (18.83%). (2) Increasing use of water in the source area resulted in problems of secondary soil salinization. Increasing consumption of water in the upper and middle reaches caused droughts in the lower reaches. The reduction amplitude of the inflow volume at the lower reaches was far higher than that at the Aral section in the upper reaches of the mainstream of Tarim River. (3) The ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Tarim River has damaged seriously. Due to the drying up of the watercourses, groundwater level along the lower reaches of the river basin dropped from 3-5 m to 8-12 m, and water quality became salinized. Vegetation survival depended on groundwater there has seriously degenerated: 68% of natural vegetation has been lost, 47% of Populus euphratica died. Biodiversity has been seriously damaged, and desertification process has been quickened, at a rate of 150-200 km 2 every year.