生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势

生物礁是由固着生物所建造的本质上是原地沉积的碳酸盐建造。生物礁内部孔隙和空洞非常发育,从而成为油气和多种矿藏资源的有利富集场所,所以生物礁的研究具有重要的实际意义,而且越来越受到人们的关注。生物礁成分、构造以及形态复杂多样,研究历史非常久远并且充满了争论。在以前的研究中非常依赖于一些非常主观的特点,如抗浪性等来判断是否为生物礁,因此在生物礁100多年的研究中始终都存在着礁与非礁的尖锐争论。这一问题实际上涉及到生物礁的基本概念、定义以及各种术语的含义。这些方面的混乱严重的影响了生物礁的研究与发展。经过最近20年的研究,生物礁的国内外研究取得了很大的进展。对生物礁的判断现在主要根据生物礁客观和固有的特点,如生物礁内部的构造支撑以及构造支撑所决定的内部成分。这在很大程度上扩展了生物礁研究的广度和深度。对最新的研究成果的总结和介绍必将推动我国生物礁研究的发展。本文在参考国内外大量文献的基础上,主要介绍了生物礁研究的历史与最新成果;总结了生物礁概念与定义的最新认识以及建立在构造基础上的分类方案;对生物礁生长的过程与影响因素以及与环境的关系进行了论述;介绍了造礁生物在地质历史时期中的发展与演化,以及生物礁地化研究的成果与意义。

Organic Reefs Study: Concept, Classification, Characteristics, History and Development

Defined here as "essentially in place calcareous deposits created by sessile organisms", organic reefs are favorable place for hydrocarbon and some ore reserves due to the well-developed pore and cavity, and therefore its study is full of practical significance, and gets more and more attention. Organic reefs, with a long geological history, are diverse and complex in structure, composition and form, resulting in fierce debate on classification. The identification criteria for organic reef are often characterized by reliance on subjective features such as wave-resistance and so on, therefore resulting in sharp disagreement on reef recognition for more than 100 years. All these are in fact the resultant of the basic problems such as concept, definition and meaning of terms. The confusion of these aspects seriously hindered the study of organic reef home and abroad. During the past 20 years, great progress was made in the study of organic reef, especially in the identification criteria, which are placed on the objective characteristic of the type of sedimentary support, which largely determines the sedimentary composition of the deposit. It extended the study scope and depth for the organic reef to a large extent. Hence, the introduction and review of the current study is important for our research on organic reef. Therefore, this paper, based on the current documents home and abroad, is to introduce the history and current study result of organic reef; summarize the widely acceptable concept and definition, and the classification according to the structure supporting; review the growth process, controlling factors and the relation with environment, as well as bioconstruction in different times and reef geochemical study.