高速公路气象监测站的宏观适用性

在大量调研和数据分析的基础上建立了客观的宏观适用性分析指标体系,并进行了交通气象监测设备在我国高速公路上的宏观适用性分析,得到以下结论:(1)我国高速公路交通气象监测设备在全国各省的分布极不均匀,除江苏,北京和海南的测站分布较为密集外,大部分省份高速公路的专业交通气象监测处于空白状态.(2)有特殊要素观测能力的站点和当地交通气象灾害种类基本匹配,但特殊观测要素的设置需要向精细化发展,不能一味布设全要素监测站.(3)目前国内的交通气象站布设指南没有充分考虑交通气象监测特点,缺乏可行的布设规范.(4)我国疆域辽阔,高速公路通车里程高,而交通气象监测设备的仪器成本、维护成本和人力成本太高,单纯依靠交通气象监测站不是解决交通气象服务的最佳途径.(5)虽然气象部门的监测数据能够保持一定的准确性,但雨强和能见度等的观测主要通过光感应或遥感,很容易受周围环境的影响,道面状态的观测很难避免周围车辆,环境的影响.(6)监测数据的应用主要在三个方面:实况监测,开发初级产品和科研项目.监测数据没有充分共享,缺少实际应用和深度挖掘,没有针对交通用户生成专业指导产品.还对交通气象监测设备的布设提出了切实可行的建议,如引入数据同化反演技术、加强预报预警技术研究和明确部门分工等.

Macro Applicability Analysis of Meteorological Monitoring Stations on Expressway

Based on the investigation and data analysis, the objective index system of applicability analysis is established, and the applicability of meteorological monitoring stations on expressway is studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The distribution of traffic meteorological monitoring equipment on expressway among different cities is greatly uneven. There almost is no any special traffic meteorological station in most cities, except in Jiangsu, Beijing and Hainan provinces. (2) The stations with the capability of monitoring specific factors match relatively well with local meteorological disasters; however, they call for refined layout. (3) At present, the domestic traffic weather station layout guides do not consider the characteristics of traffic weather and are lack of feasible standards. (4) Because China has wide territory, high mileage highways, and high cost traffic meteorological monitor equipment, depending on traffic meteorological stations solely is not the optimum way to solve the problems in traffic meteorological service. (5) The observation data of meteorological stations have certain accuracy; however, the monitoring of surface conditions and rain strength and visibility based on optical sensing and remote sensing can be easily affected by the environment. The monitoring data have not been shared fully between traffic and meteorological departments. (6) The main application of data includes real time monitoring, primary product developing, and relevant scientific research projects. At present, the data have not been shared fully and used practically; there are no specific guide products for traffic users. Some practical suggestions about traffic weather monitoring are presented, such as data assimilation and inversion technology, improvement of forecast and warning skills, etc.