田黄萝卜纹的矿物组成与成因分析

萝卜纹是田黄的重要鉴定特征。本文通过岩石薄片、X射线衍射分析和电子探针分析等手段,确定萝卜纹的组成矿物为伊利石;萝卜纹的成因为田黄的原岩受到构造应力作用后产生了显微裂隙,次生的伊利石填充了显微裂隙;显微裂隙中的伊利石与岩石中的主要矿物迪开石光学性质差别较大而呈丝缕状(萝卜纹)。     

Modelling of anisotropic damage in brittle rocks under compression dominated stresses

A new model for describing induced anisotropic damage in brittle rocks is proposed. Although phenomenological, the model is based on physical grounds of micromechanical analysis. Induced damage is represented by a second rank tensor, which is related to the density and orientation of microcracks. Damage evolution is related to the propagation condition of microcracks. The onset of microcrack coalescence leading to softening behaviour is also considered. The effective elastic compliance of the damaged material is obtained from a specific form of Gibbs potential. Irreversible damage‐related strains due to residual opening of microcracks after unloading are also captured. All the model's parameters could be determined from conventional triaxial compression tests. The proposed model is applied to a typical brittle rock. Comparison between test data and numerical simulations shows an overall good agreement. The proposed model is able to describe the main features related to induced microcracks in brittle geomaterials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rutile inclusions in garnet from a dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanism

Metamorphic garnet commonly contains needle‐like rutile inclusions as well as equant rutile inclusions that surround quartz inclusions and range in size from submicrometer to nanometer. Although the origin of these equant rutile inclusions, that is, exsolution or non‐exsolution, has important implications for petrological and tectonic processes, the crystallographic characteristics of these inclusions have rarely been studied because of the small sizes and analytical difficulties involved. Here, we report the crystallographic characteristics pertinent to the genetic origin of minute equant rutile inclusions in cloudy, nearly spherically shaped garnet domains with Ti‐depleted compositions surrounding quartz inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure garnet from several diamondiferous Erzgebirge quartzofeldspathic gneissic rock samples. TEM analyses show that the equant rutile crystals in cloudy garnet domains are partially bounded by the low‐energy {100}_rt ± {110}_rt ± {101}_rt facets and have rather random crystallographic orientation relationships (CORs) with the garnet host, with preferential alignment of low‐energy lattice planes, for example, {100}_rt//{112}_grt, for some rutile crystals. Although the rather random CORs are unlikely to be attributed to solid‐state exsolution subjected to the stringent topotactic garnet lattice constraints, the characteristic subhedral {100}_rt ± {110}_rt ± {101}_rt crystal forms of rutile can be rationalized by a metasomatic dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanism via a fluid phase. In this scenario, the quartz+fluid inclusions in garnet were first subjected to decompression microcracking during rock exhumation, followed by dissolution of Ti‐bearing garnet matrix at the crack tips or along the crack surfaces and subsequent reprecipitation of rutile, apatite, gahnite, akdalaite, and Ti‐depleted garnet. The rapid coalescence between rutile and garnet crystals in fluid or direct attachment of rutile crystals onto the dissolving crack surfaces would then yield the rather random CORs as reported here. These results, along with previous work on rutile needles, indicate rather diverse genesis of rutile inclusions in various crystal forms, thus shedding light on the controversial exsolution origin for other inclusion suite/microstructure in minerals.     

高温循环作用后大理岩裂纹扩展试验研究

利用偏光显微镜对经历不同高温循环作用后的细粒大理岩进行观测,通过统计微裂纹长度、开度、数量等参数,探讨不同加热循环次数后岩样内微裂纹的扩展规律。结果表明,（1）经历不同热循环次数作用的岩样,微裂纹的数量和长度均不同,未经热处理岩样内颗粒致密,胶结较好,内部无明显的微裂纹。经历4次热循环作用后岩样内微裂纹发育明显,以晶界裂纹为主,开度和长度均显著增加。岩样经历16次热循环作用后开度持续增大,为55 µm,是4次热循环的4倍;（2）对不同热循环处理后岩样内部发育微裂纹的方向进行了统计,发现微裂纹无明显的方向性,还表明细观切片的取样位置对微裂纹的发育影响不大;（3）线性裂纹密度随热循环次数的增加而增大,经历16次热循环作用后岩样的线性裂纹密度是没有经历热处理岩样的21倍。     

不同频率循环荷载作用下花岗岩细观疲劳损伤量化试验研究

花岗岩宏观尺度疲劳破坏是由于细观尺度微裂纹的萌生、发育和贯通引起的,所以对处于细观尺度的微裂纹特征进行量化分析,对于理解花岗岩的动力特性有一定的意义。首先利用RMT-150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机,采用振幅为10 MPa,频率分别为0.01、0.02、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50、1.00 Hz的正弦循环荷载作为动力扰动,对海南昌江花岗岩试样进行单轴循环荷载试验。然后,利用扫描电镜（SEM）拍摄得到花岗岩的大量细观结构图片,运用数字图像技术获取微裂纹的细观几何信息,从方位角、长度、宽度和面积对不同荷载频率相应的花岗岩细观尺度微裂纹特征进行量化分析。研究结果表明,随着循环荷载频率的增加,微裂纹方位角发育离散性增加,而其统计均值则在某一区间内波动;微裂纹长度的发育则较快,而仅当荷载频率达到1 Hz时,宽度才有一定的发展,同时,能量耗散的方式也发生一定的变化。     

卸围压下砂岩力学特性及细观机制颗粒流分析

鉴于试验砂岩内摩擦角较大及峰后脆性强的特点,选用颗粒流程序PFC2D中的cluster单元进行模拟,在常规三轴压缩试验校正的基础上得到一组能够真实反映砂岩宏观力学行为的细观参数,模拟了砂岩两种卸围压路径,结果表明其峰值强度随初始轴向应力的增大而不断增大,其规律与试验相同。选取了两种卸围压路径微裂纹数目随应力-应变的演化趋势进行分析,结果表明卸围压对试样造成的损伤较加轴压大,同时初始轴向应力增大一定程度上增加了试样承受破坏的能力。通过对不同应力路径裂纹两侧位移场的分析可知卸围压会造成颗粒在横向产生位移不连续,导致试样破坏。     

静力压缩下煤岩组合体的裂前宏观弹性模型

煤岩组合体在静力压缩下的宏观变形受界面效应影响,与煤、岩单体存在显著差异。在岩石单体材料的有效介质模型基础上进行改进,考虑了煤岩组合体的构成特征,提出一种适用于不同类型的煤岩组合体的裂前宏观弹性模型。模型参数基于轴向裂纹应变确定,均可从试验曲线获得,方法简单方便。通过现有文献的数据验证,表明了模型的合理性、有效性和普适性。对模型参数进行讨论,结果表明：（1）在煤岩组合体的裂前阶段,煤岩组合体裂纹差异可以忽略;（2）模型通过对煤岩组合体基质进行解耦,反映了界面效应对煤岩组合体弹性性能的影响;（3）模型中岩体基质的有效占比随着煤体比例的提高显著下降;（4）存在岩体与煤体弹性模量的最佳比值,使岩体基质的有效占比最大。模型可为矿井支护方案设计与材料选择提供一种新的思路。     

地应变固体潮对微渗漏作用的动力贡献研究

目前国内外对构造应力作用下地球内部流体运动的规律与特征的研究已经很多 ,但面向地应变固体潮对地壳微裂缝系统的微渗漏作用影响的研究尚属空白。地球在太阳、月球的引力作用下 ,一方面在其表面的海洋、湖泊形成直观的潮汐现象 ;另一方面固体地球自身还形成肉眼无法看到的粘弹性形变 ,称为固体潮。固体潮不仅能引起重力变化、地面倾斜和地面伸缩等地球物理现象 ,而且还为地壳内微裂缝系统提供了永恒的、周期性的伸缩开合变化的动力 ,大大提高了流体在微裂缝系统中微渗漏的规模和距离 ,造成流体中物质元素的迁移和变化的地球化学现象。文中主要阐明了地壳裂缝系统和流体微渗漏作用的客观存在 ,探讨并总结了地应变固体潮对微裂缝系统的应力作用特点以及为流体微渗漏作用所作出的重要动力贡献 ,并将固体潮与地球化学有机联系在一起 ,从理论上说明流体携带包含深部矿藏 (体 )信息的特征元素或物质完全有可能通过微渗漏作用迁移至地表并形成该元素或物质的地球化学异常 ,为当前的地表土壤法、地气法、电提取法、电吸附、吸附丝等多种地球化学找矿方法提供可信的理论依据。     

Application of Image Analysis to Observe Microstructure in Sandstone and Granite

Abstract: Advanced techniques are examined to observe microstructure of rocks using image analysis combined with methods such as the fluorescent approach and the application of optical characteristics of minerals. Analyzed are discrimination of grains in rocks, distribution patterns of grain orientation in sandstone, changes of grain shape as weathering advances and distribution patterns of microcracks in granite. In Shirahama sandstone, relatively large and flat grains are orientated parallel to the bedding on the plane perpendicular to the bedding, while grains on the plane parallel to the bedding show random patterns. In weathered granite, it is clarified that the grain surface becomes complex as weathering advances and differences among three major mineral species are identified. In Inada granite, intracrystalline cracks predominate over intercrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks both in total length and number. Furthermore, three types of microcracks show different orientations; the intercrystalline cracks show a dominant orientation which coincides with the orientation of the rift plane, the easiest plane to split, while the intracrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks show no preferred orientation.     

Paleostress orientation from 3-D orientation distribution of microcracks in quartz from the Cretaceous granodiorite core samples drilled through the Nojima Fault, south-west Japan

Abstract The orientations of both healed extension microcracks and microcracks in quartz grains sealed mostly by carbonate minerals were measured from Cretaceous granodiorite core samples drilled along the Nojima Fault, southwest Japan. The preferred orientations of both healed and sealed microcracks consist of approximately three orthogonal sets, (components) A, B and C, in which A strikes NS–NW-SE and dips vertically, B strikes EW–NE-SW and dips vertically, and C is subhorizontal. Both the healed and sealed microcracks were possibly formed by hydraulic fracturing, and the successive release of tensile stress due to pore fluid overpressure in the principal stress directions could have caused this microcracking in mutually orthogonal directions. The quartz grains are also very moderately plastically deformed, which is indicated by the occurrence of kink bands and undulose extinction. The association of healed microcracks and kink bands in the quartz suggests that these microstructures formed under subgreenschist facies conditions (≈300°C) during hydrothermal activity that could have occurred immediately after the emplacement of granodiorite during the Late Cretaceous period. Based on both the preferred orientation of microcracks, and c-axis fabrics of kinked and unkinked grains (so called kink method), it is inferred that the σ₁-and σ₃-axis were oriented horizontally in NS–NW-SE and EW–NE-SW directions, respectively. The inferred paleostress field does not conform to the east–west-trending compression during the Quaternary period, but to the activation of EW–NE-SW-trending, left–lateral strike–slip faults during the Late Cretaceous period in southwest Japan.