Rutile to Titanite Transformation in Eclogites and its Geochemical Consequences: An Example from the Sumdo Eclogite, Tibet

The formation of titanite coronae after rutile is common in retrograde high-to ultrahigh-pressure meta-mafic rocks, which provides a good opportunity to address the geochemical behavior of HFSE in crustal environments. In the Sumdo eclogite, titanite occurs either as a corona around rutile grains or as semi-continuous veins cross-cutting the major foliation, whereas rutile grains occur either as inclusions in garnet or omphacite or as a relict core surrounded by titanite. Textural relationships ...     

拉萨地块松多榴辉岩的变质演化过程:NCKMnFMASHTO体系中的相平衡关系

拉萨地块松多榴辉岩主要矿物组合为石榴子石、绿辉石、角闪石、多硅白云母、绿帘石、金红石。石榴子石环带不明显,核部成分均一,从核部到边部,镁铝榴石和钙铝榴石含量降低,可能分别记录了榴辉岩峰期及退变质过程信息。绿辉石显示微弱的成分环带,硬玉含量从核部到边部略有升高,部分绿辉石边部发育韭闪石退变质边,反映了在减压过程中外来流体进入体系的过程。多硅白云母具有高的Si含量(3.5~3.6),其中石榴石包体中的多硅白云母相对基质中的白云母有更高的Si值。本文利用Thermocalc变质相平衡模拟软件,结合详细岩相学观察,在NCKMn FMASHTO体系下,模拟松多含多硅白云母榴辉岩的变质演化过程。其中,榴辉岩峰期矿物组合为g+o+law+phn+ru,石榴石核部最大镁铝榴石值和石榴子石包体中多硅白云母最大Si值确定的榴辉岩峰期温压条件约为620℃,32×105Pa,榴辉岩经历了近等温降压的退变质过程。相平衡模拟结果表明拉萨地块松多榴辉岩经历了超高压变质作用过程,并经历了相对快速的折返过程到中部地壳层次。     

Ultramafic Blocks in Sumdo Region, Lhasa Block, Eastern Tibet Plateau: An Ophiolite Unit

Recently, an over 100 kin long MORB-type eclogite belt of Permian was discovered in the Sumdo (松多) region of the Lhasa block, Tibet. A critical question thus is: what is the tectonic setting of the eclogite belt and is it related to an unrecognized suture in the region? Further investigations show that there are some mafic and ultramafic rocks spatially associated with the eclogite belt in the region. Three ultramafic massifs were recognized in the Sumdo region, and called the Luomaling (罗马岭),Gongbupala (贡布爬拉) and Qiazhasumdo (卡扎松多) massifs. All the massifs are fault-contacted with greenschist (Chasagang (岔萨岗) Formation) or muscovite-quartz schist (Mabuku (马布库) Formation), and individuals are about 100 m×50 m in size extending in EW as the regional structure. All the ultramafic rocks have been entirely serpentinized, and the Gongbupala massif has been selected for study in geochemistry. Eleven chemical analyses of the rocks from the Gongbupala massif show a narrow range in contents: SiO2(35.97-40.63) wt.%, MgO (37.02-38.60) wt.%, TiO2(0.01-0.08) wt.%, Al2O3 (0.80-1.64) wt.%, (Na2O+K2O) less than 0.1 wt.%, with high volatile contents (H2O+CO2) (11.24-14.91) wt.%. After recalculation without H2O+CO2, the mean values are SiO2 45.24 wt.%, MgO 43.54 wt.%, FeOT(7.45-9.97) wt.% (8.55 wt.% in average), (MgO+FeOT) 52.09 wt.%, Mg# (100×Mg/(Mg+Fe*), where Fe* represents total Fe)=89.42-90.08, (m+f)/Si ((atomicity Mg+atomicity Fe) /atomicity Si)=1.53-1.75 (1.59 in average), respectively. The mean M/F (atomicity Mg/atomicity Fe) ratio of the rocks is 9.05, which is classified as magnesium enriched-type of ultramafic rocks. The compositional features, depleted in K, Na, Ca, Al and Ti and enriched in Mg#, indicate the characteristics of peridotite originated from a depleted mantle. The rocks have low ∑ REE with (1.60-2.68)×10-6 similar to those of the primitive mantle. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of all samples show slightly enrichment in LREE, with (Ce/Yb)N 1.03-2.46, but a little depleted in HREE. Most samples show a slight negative anomaly in Eu, a feature In REE from a relic mantle and common features In highly serpentinized ultramafic rocks in the Yarlung-Zangbo (雅鲁藏布) ophiolite and the Bangong (班公)-Nnjiang (怒江)ophiolite in Tibet. The primitive mantle-normalized spiderdiagram of trace elements for Gongbupala ultramafic rocks yields uniform distributed pattern. They are relatively enriched in Rb, Ba, La, P element (LHSE) and depleted in Sin, Ti, Y, Yb element (HFSE), a feature of metasomatic mantle peridotite. The geochemical features of the rocks suggest that the protofith of Gongbupala serpentinite in Sumdo region is harzburgite, a typical depleted mantle rock, and may represent a dismembered ophiolite unit in the region.     

西藏松多榴辉岩变质作用研究

西藏拉萨地块松多附近新发现一条榴辉岩带,长约100 km,宽约2~3 km。松多榴辉岩主要经历了进变质的绿帘石榴辉岩相-峰期的榴辉岩相-退变质的角闪岩相3个阶段。岩石学研究表明,峰期的特征矿物组合是石榴子石绿辉石多硅白云母金红石,峰期温压条件是760~800 ℃,33~39 GPa。这表明松多地区可能曾经历超高压变质作用,之后快速返回,p T轨迹呈“发卡”状,后期退变质经历了角闪石榴辉岩相阶段。研究松多榴辉岩表明,拉萨地块内部有一条新的缝合带,这对于了解拉萨地块和古特提斯洋的演化有重要意义。     

西藏拉萨地块MORB型榴辉岩的岩石地球化学特征

松多榴辉岩的SiO2、Al2O3含量分别为45.3%～50.6%、12.93%～14.27%,K2O Na2O为1.3%～2.8%,TFeO/MgO为1.11～2.02,CaO为10.4%～14.47%,K2O<0.3%,Na2O为0.97%～2.47%。总体上具有玄武质或辉长质岩石的成分特征,属于钙碱性系列,具有MORB的特征,表明其原岩来自大洋环境。松多榴辉岩大多数样品的稀土元素配分模式显示轻稀土元素亏损,无明显的Eu异常,重稀土元素平坦。微量元素蛛网图均显示从Zr到Yb属于平坦型,基本上未发生分馏。松多榴辉岩的LaN/YbN比值为0.19～0.56,LaN/CeN为0.75～0.81,LaN/SmN为0.37～0.81,三者均小于1;Hf/Th除了石英榴辉岩中的06Y-344样品为6.81外,其他样品为11.10～33.97,均大于8;Ce/Nb为2.72～19.02,均大于2;Th/Yb为0.01～0.10,均小于或等于0.1,也说明其原岩具有典型MORB的特征。锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年获得松多榴辉岩的变质年龄为261Ma±5.3Ma,推测其原岩可能为古特提斯洋盆的残留。     

西藏松多地区首次发现非金属矿——黑曜岩

最新区域地质调查发现,西藏工布江达县松多乡存在天然非金属矿——黑曜岩。该矿源地处青藏高原冈底斯板块上,发育于新生代年波组中。"球泡"状黑曜石清晰可见,部分达到宝石级别。初步研究显示,该黑曜岩是地壳部分熔融的产物。冈底斯成矿带上成矿种类以多金属为主,松多黑曜岩的发现不仅初步圈定了一个非金属矿点,还为区域后续找矿工作和考古学研究提供了重要线索。     

西藏松多地区早侏罗世变质辉长岩的成因及其构造意义

冈底斯岩浆岩带中东部松多地区新发现的变质辉长岩对于讨论松多古特提斯洋演化历史具有重要约束意义。在详细野外地质调查基础上,本文报道了松多变质辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石Hf同位素成分分析和全岩地球化学组成,并探讨了岩石的成因及其对松多古特提斯洋构造演化的启示。结果表明,松多变质辉长岩原岩形成于195±6Ma～202±2Ma之间; Si O2含量为45. 56%～53. 69%,MgO含量较高为6. 04%～11. 75%,Mg#为66～77;高Cr(209×10-6～746×10-6)和Ni(80×10-6～234×10-6)含量。该岩石富集轻稀土元素,平滑右倾的稀土配分模式介于E-MORB和OIB之间;富集大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta等高场强元素;具有较低的(La/Yb)N=2. 06～4. 81、(La/Sm)N=1. 50～2. 48、(Gd/Yb)N=1. 21～1. 67和(Ce/Y)N2。锆石εHf(t)值为-1. 9～3. 9,具相对古老Hf模式年龄(988～1361Ma)。综合对区域地质、年代学、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素等资料的全面分析,认为松多早侏罗世变质辉长岩原岩的岩浆可能起源于下地壳改造的亏损岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,形成于松多古特提斯洋壳板片断离事件所引发岩石圈减薄的伸展构造背景。     

青藏高原陆相火山岩区填图新进展——以松多地区新生代火山机构为例

20世纪90年代以来,为了区别传统的沉积岩区填图方法,中国陆相火山岩区地质调查工作普遍采用"火山构造-火山岩相-火山岩性"三位一体的思路与工作方法,并取得重要进展。以西藏松多地区1∶5万区域地质调查工作为例,探讨该方法在高原地区新生代火山岩研究中的应用。结合遥感影像与剖面测制,通过野外地质观察与镜下岩性特征分析,对火山机构进行相带划分,从而恢复古火山的基本格架、重溯火山作用过程。同时,松多地区新生代火山机构的建立,为冈底斯岩浆带发育的林子宗火山岩与下伏地层的区域性不整合提供了新的证据,进一步限定了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的起始时间。     

早侏罗世新特提斯洋俯冲作用——来自松多高镁闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素的制约

冈底斯岩浆岩带中东部松多地区新发现的高镁闪长岩对于探讨青藏高原新特提斯俯冲演化历史具有重要意义。通过松多高镁闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石Hf同位素和全岩地球化学组成的研究,表明松多闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为186.8±1.3Ma。该类岩石具有高硅、高镁的特点,Si O2含量为54.17%~58.81%,Mg O含量较高,介于6.26%~7.29%之间,Mg~#值介于64~67之间,Cr和Ni含量高。该岩石富集轻稀土元素,具有平滑右倾的稀土元素配分曲线及弱负Eu异常。富集Rb、Ba、Pb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。锆石负εHf(t)值(-5~-14.3)及远大于其侵入年龄的古老Hf模式年龄(1543~2129Ma),揭示松多早侏罗世闪长岩经历了古老地壳物质的部分熔融。Sr/Y-Y和(La/Yb)N-YbN判别图解显示,其形成可能与赞岐岩的岩浆作用过程相似,形成于消减带之上的地幔楔环境。综合研究表明,松多地区在早侏罗世处于雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋板片向欧亚大陆俯冲的活动陆缘构造背景。     

拉萨地块松多超高压变质带含石榴石云母石英片岩的变质演化相平衡模拟

拉萨地块松多超高压变质带含石榴石白云母石英片岩为榴辉岩的围岩,岩石的矿物组合为石榴石、白云母、钠长石、绿泥石、石英及少量金红石、榍石。石榴石具有明显的成分环带,从核部到幔部Xprp=[Mg/(Mg+Fe+Mn+Ca)]缓慢升高,Xsps=[Mn/(Mg+Fe+Mn+Ca)]逐渐降低,表明石榴石从核部到幔部的成分记录了温度逐渐升高的进变质过程;幔部到边部,Xprp=[Mg/(Mg+Fe+Mn+Ca)]略微降低,Xgrs=[Ca/(Mg+Fe+Mn+Ca)]明显升高,Xsps=[Mn/(Mg+Fe+Mn+Ca)]先升高后降低,表明石榴石边部成分受到了退变质作用改造,呈现扩散环带的特征。利用Thermocalc变质相平衡计算软件在Mn NCKFMASHO体系下计算出含石榴石云母石英片岩的P-T、P-M(H2O)视剖面图,结合石榴石镁铝榴石等值线、钙铝榴石等值线及饱和水含量等值线限定出含石榴石云母石英片岩的峰期变质条件为约27×105k Pa,523/580℃,对应的峰期矿物组合为(g-Jd-Cr-Law(+Phn+q/Coe+H2O)。石榴石核部到幔部成分记录了主要的进变质演化,结合饱和水等值线的变化,判断进变质阶段为升温升压的冷俯冲过程,岩石经历了蓝片岩相至榴辉岩相的变质演化;P-M(H2O)视剖面图及饱和水等值线反映了岩石在减压中的流体行为,通过其变化特征可以确定岩石在峰期之后先经历近等温降压的早期退变质过程,晚期降温降压的退变轨迹则由石榴石边部成分所确定,此过程中,岩石发生了角闪岩相至绿帘角闪岩相变质,并在后期经历了绿片岩相变质叠加。近等温降压的退变质过程反映了快速抬升的构造运动过程,早期硬玉转变为钠长石可能发生在这个阶段。对比含石榴石云母石英片岩与榴辉岩的P-T轨迹,峰期变质温压及变质演化特征,提出含石榴石云母石英片岩曾经历过高压变质,结合野外相互伴生的地质关系,认为该片岩与榴辉岩经历了相同或者相似的俯冲折返过程。