Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

A strain of thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured with K-bearing minerals to determine if microbe-mineral interactions enhance the release of mineralic potassium. Experiments were carried out in two settings, one with the mineral grains and the fungal cells in direct contact, and the other employing a membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) to separate the two. Measurements over a period of 30 days showed that, irrespective of the experimental setup, the concentration of free K in the culture was drastically higher than those in any of the control experiments where no living organism was present. Moreover, the occurrence of mineral-cell physical contact enhanced potassium release by an additional factor of 3 to 4 in comparison to the separation experiments. For contact experiments, Electron Probe Microanalysis revealed the formation of mycelium-mineral aggregates, and Atomic Force Microscopy imaging further indicated the possible ingestion of mineral particles by the fungus cells. Contrasting to what was observed and expected in control experiments, the potassium solubilization rate showed a positive dependence upon pH when fungi and minerals were mixed directly, and exhibited no correlations with solution acidity if cell-rock contact was restrained. These results appear to suggest that A. fumigatus promoted potassium release by means of at least three likely routes, one through the complexation of soluble organic ligands, another appealing to the immobile biopolymers such as the insoluble components of secretion, and the third related to the mechanical forces in association with the direct physical contact between cells and mineral particles.     

江西银山多金属矿床伊利石的形成与流体成矿作用的初步研究

江西银山多金属矿床的热液蚀变粘土矿物主要由伊利石组成,伊利石主要由流体作用过程中长石的伊利石化形成,其结晶度与成矿流体作用密切相关.银山第1期铅锌银成矿作用,水/岩比相对较低,成矿流体以孔隙渗透为主,溶质迁移慢,形成含有少量膨胀层的伊利石;第2期铜金成矿作用,水/岩比相对较高,流体的运移方式以通道式或裂隙式为主,溶质迁移的速度快,形成不含膨胀层的伊利石.研究表明成矿作用过程中的伊利石化主要与铅锌银矿化有关,而绿泥石化与铜金矿化有关.     

长沙—澧陵—浏阳—带冷家溪群及板溪群的甚低级变质作用

湘东长沙-澧陵-浏阳一带中晚元古宇的冷家溪群及板溪群遭受了区域甚低级变质作用.在本地区所采的＜2μm的样品中,冷家溪群伊利石结晶度的Kübler指数为0.18～0.26°△2θ,板溪群为0.21～0.28°△2θ(Kisch国际标样校正).从而可把本地区冷家溪群的区域变质划归浅变质带和近变质带上部,温度大约为280～400℃.板溪群划归近变质带上部,温度大约为250～300℃.并未普遍达到目前人们认为的绿片岩相或者是低绿片岩相.样品中冷家溪群伊利石(白云母)b0值的范围在0.8999～0.9042 nm,板溪群为0.9018～0.9042nm.由冷家溪群b0频率累积曲线图,得出本区冷家溪群处于较典型的中压区.     

右江盆地三叠纪岩层极低级变质作用及地球动力学意义

 右江盆地三叠纪槽盆相浊流沉积岩系遭受过区域极低级变质作用。依据地质观察和伊利石结晶度、绿泥石-云母堆垛集合体、标志性粘土矿物及白云母(伊利石)b0参数测定资料,阐述了泥质岩石的成岩变质作用经浅层(近)变质作用到浅变质作用的转换特征。变质温度区间为150-350℃,低压类型,具高地温梯度(40-43℃/km).变质级及亚带总体与地层时代及岩层在地层柱中的位置有耦合关系,而与区域变形强度无关。最后指出区域极低级变质作用是印支-燕山构造旋回早期及区域变形前的地质事件,属于地壳伸展构造背景下右江边缘型盆地内部的埋藏型变质作用。     

Utilizing Natural Liner Materials for Heavy Metal Removal in Simulated Landfill Conditions

Inorganic industrial waste landfills have the potential to contaminate subsurface groundwater supplies through migration of leachates down to the water table and into groundwater aquifers, despite the use of compacted low permeability clay or polyethene liners. This paper aims the removal of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in the leachate from an industrial waste landfill using natural materials (natural zeolite, expanded vermiculite, pumice, illite, kaolinite, and bentonite) as a liner material. Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ concentrations for all treatments decreased during the process. Of all the different natural materials, natural zeolite, expanded vermiculite and pumice, with bentonite, were effective in removing Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ present in the leachate. However, the use of illite and kaolinite with bentonite as liner materials could be of disadvantage in Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ removal from leachate. The adsorption kinetic models were also tested for the validity. The second order kinetics with the high correlation coefficients best described adsorption kinetic data.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒地区上古生界极低级变质作用:伊利石和镜质体反射率的证据

本文使用D/max-2500X射线衍射仪研究了内蒙古锡林郭勒地区上古生界泥质岩石伊利石的成因标志,讨论了有机质镜质体反射率对变质温度的表征。研究区上古生界泥质岩石伊利石的标型特征为:伊利石结晶度分布于0.28～>0.77之间,平均值0.40;伊利石(白云母)多型以2M1型为主,2M1+1Md多型和1Md多型相对较少;伊利石(白云母)b0值变化于8.983～9.046之间,平均值9.019,指示其形成于成岩-极低级变质作用。有机质镜质体反射率具有示踪变质温度的作用,应用Barker and Pawlewiez(1986,1994)、Barker and Goldsteinl(1990)和Mullis et al.(2001)建立的镜质体反射率地质温度计,对研究区上古生界泥质岩石变质温度进行了估算,揭示古地温处于136～321℃之间,温度估算值主要分布在180～260℃之间,平均值为245℃,这表明研究区上古生界遭受了成岩-极低级变质作用,变质程度属近变质带。研究区上古生界泥质岩石的Ro值主要分布在1.01%～3.67%之间,表明有机质演化处于成熟-过成熟阶段,泥质岩石具有生烃的能力,部分层位可能具有形成油气资源的潜力。     

Timing of low-temperature metamorphism and cooling of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations of the Bükkium,innermost Western Carpathians,Hungary

K-Ar ages of illite-muscovite and fission track ages of zircon and apatite were determined from various lithotypes of the Bükkium, which forms the innermost segment of the Western Carpathians. The stratigraphic ages of these Dinaric type formations cover a wide range from the Late Ordovician up to the Late Jurassic. The grade of the orogenic dynamo-thermal metamorphism varies from the late diagenetic zone through the anchizone up to the epizone (chlorite, maximally biotite isograd of the greenschist facies). The K-Ar system of the illite-muscovite in the < 2 m grain-size fraction approached equilibrium only in epizonal and high-temperature anchizonal conditions. The orogenic metamorphism culminated between the eo-Hellenic (160-120 Ma) phase connected to the beginning of the subduction in the Dinarides, and the Austrian (100-95 Ma) phase characterized by compressional crustal thickening. No isotope geochronological evidence was found for proving any Hercynian recrystallization. The stability field of fission tracks in zircon was approached using the thermal histories of the different tectonic units. A temperature less than 250°C and effective heating time of 20–30 Ma had only negligible effects on the tracks, whereas total annealing was reached between 250 and 300°C. Apatite fission track ages from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations show that the uplift of the Bükk Mountains occurred only in the Tertiary (not earlier than ca. 40 Ma ago). Thermal modeling based on apatite fission track length spectra and preserved Paleogene sediment thickness data proved that the Late Neogene burial of the recently exhumed plateau of the Bükk Mountains exceeded 1 km.     

骨灰－伊利石－高岭石体系假相图的研究

采用骨灰、伊利石粘土和高岭石粘土作为端元组分，并根据ＤＴＡ、热台显微镜、互ＲＤ方法测定的数据，组成了这个三元体系的假相图。依据假相图讨论了该体系的热相变特征以及有关骨灰瓷工艺学问题。     

Stratigraphic control of hot fluids on anthracitization, Lackawanna synclinorium, Pennsylvania

The Lackawanna synclinorium of Pennsylvania contains abundant coal that was altered to anthracite rank during the Late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny. Why did the coal in the synclinorium undergo anthracitization? Two alternatives have been suggested. (1) The region was buried deeply during and/or after the Alleghanian orogeny and thus became hot in response to Earth's geothermal gradient; and (2) hot fluids migrating from the orogen toward the foreland carried heat into the coal and caused anthracitization. If the second hypothesis is correct, the region should contain evidence that hot fluids passed through the coal. Field observations, illite-crystallinity studies and fluid-inclusion analyses indicate that the coal-bearing Pottsville and Llewellyn Formations, and an underlying detachment fault, called the Pottchunk fault (at or slightly below the base of the Pottsville Formation), acted as a regional aquifer for the migration of hot fluids during the Alleghanian orogeny. The presence of quartz veins and the hydrothermal minerals tosudite and pyrophyllite in strata above the Pottchunk fault, and the apparent absence of an illite-crystallinity burial gradient in the underlying strata, suggest that fluids migrated through large pores in coarse-grained sandstones, through abundant fractures that developed in response to Alleghanian deformation, and along the Pottchunk fault. The quartz veins, tosudite and pyrophyllite mineralization do not occur below the Pottchunk fault (except at one locality), suggesting that fluid flow was greater above the fault, perhaps because fracturing accompanying deformation increased permeability of the fault's hanging wall. Fluid inclusions in the Pottsville and Llewellyn Formations indicate fluids achieved a minimum temperature of 270 °C at a depth of 3.1–8.5 km. Heat-flow calculations constrained by fluid-inclusion data show the heat carried by the migrating fluids through the coal-bearing strata was sufficient to elevate the rock temperature to anthracite-grade conditions (250 °C), assuming that the fluid event lasted about 1 year. Thus, deep burial (6–9 km) of the coal-bearing strata in the Lackawanna synclinorium was not required for anthracitization. Anthracitization was likely the result of stratigraphically controlled hot fluid migration through the coal-bearing strata at shallow depths (≤5 km).