威特DI2002测距仪实测精度分析

通过对威特ＤＩ２００２测距仪的实测资料的分析，认为（１）ＤＩ２００２测距仪实测精度较高，与ＭＥ－３０００测距仪具有同等的实测精度，（２）ＤＩ２００２仪器性能稳定，加、乘常数变化幅度小，频率变化也很小，其频率的稳定性远比ＭＥ－３０００测距仪匹配的测频仪高。（３）ＤＩ２００２与ＭＥ－３０００测距成果有很好的一致性。在ＭＥ－３０００测距仪老化的情况下，可以用ＤＩ２００２替代ＭＥ－３０００用于跨断层水平形     

微震研究与应用进展

随着地震观测台站密度的不断增加以及地震检测技术的快速发展,微震研究受到了地震学界的广泛关注。与发震周期较长的大地震相比,微震复发周期短、发生频次高,可以获得更高分辨率的地壳内部介质物性和应力状态等变化信息。微震在许多领域具有广泛的应用,如研究断层几何形态、前震与地震成核的关系、余震时空演化特征及余震触发机理、远程动态触发现象、重复地震、诱发地震以及非火山震颤信号的检测等。高精度的微震定位结果可以揭示断裂带的精细几何形态和深部活动过程,促进对断层特性和地震物理过程的深入认识。本文简要总结了国内外微震研究的主要进展,包括微震检测的主要方法和微震在多个领域的研究实例,并对微震在地震科学中的应用前景进行了展望。     

邻近算法在微地震震源位置和一维速度模型同时反演中的应用

微地震事件的空间分布可以用来监测水力压裂过程中裂缝的发育情况。因此,震源定位是微震监测中重要的环节。震源定位依赖准确的速度模型,而震源位置和速度模型的耦合易导致线性迭代的同时反演方法陷入局部极小值。邻近算法作为一种非线性全局优化算法,能够最大程度地避免陷入局部最优解。本文将邻近算法应用于单井监测的微震定位和一维速度模型同时反演,首先利用邻近算法搜索一维速度模型,再使用网格搜索方法进行震源定位,并根据定位的走时残差产生新的速度模型,最后通过若干次迭代使其收敛到最优解。理论和实际数据结果均表明该方法能够避免局部最优解,得到较为可靠的震源位置和一维速度模型。     

Stability of source mechanisms inverted from P‐wave amplitude microseismic monitoring data acquired at the surface

We study the stability of source mechanisms inverted from data acquired at surface and near‐surface monitoring arrays. The study is focused on P‐wave data acquired on vertical components, as this is the most common type of acquisition. We apply ray modelling on three models: a fully homogeneous isotropic model, a laterally homogeneous isotropic model and a laterally homogeneous anisotropic model to simulate three commonly used models in inversion. We use geometries of real arrays, one consisting in surface receivers and one consisting in ‘buried’ geophones at the near‐surface. Stability was tested for two of the frequently observed source mechanisms: strike‐slip and dip‐slip and was evaluated by comparing the parameters of correct and inverted mechanisms. We assume these double‐couple source mechanisms and use quantitatively the inversion allowing non‐double‐couple components to measure stability of the inversion. To test the robustness we inverted synthetic amplitudes computed for a laterally homogeneous isotropic model and contaminated with noise using a fully homogeneous model in the inversion. Analogously amplitudes computed in a laterally homogeneous anisotropic model were inverted in all three models. We show that a star‐like surface acquisition array provides very stable inversion up to a very high level of noise in data. Furthermore, we reveal that strike‐slip inversion is more stable than dip‐slip inversion for the receiver geometries considered here. We show that noise and an incorrect velocity model may result in narrow bands of source mechanisms in Hudson's plots.     

煤矿微震监测台网优化布设研究

煤矿冲击矿压现象日益严峻,作为矿山动力灾害的主要监测手段,微震监测系统已在许多矿井广泛使用,为保证矿震定位和能量计算的准确,提高预测预报煤矿冲击矿压的可行性,应建立一套台网布设优化及评价系统.应用微震定位和D值优化设计理论,结合煤矿实际条件研究了影响矿震定位精度的主要因素和不利条件,并提出了采用综合指数法确定煤矿高微震活动区域和区域内矿震发生的概率,制定了台站候选点和监测区域确定的一般原则.通过理论分析震中和震源标准差反映台网定位能力的不足,建立基于数值仿真实验方法的震中与震源误差期望值模型,最终形成台网布设优化及评价系统.实验和现场应用结果表明,该系统能够快速确定台网最优布设方案,准确评价台网定位能力,满足煤矿微震监测的需要.     

Comparison of surface and borehole locations of induced seismicity

Monitoring of induced microseismic events has become an important tool in hydraulic fracture diagnostics and understanding fractured reservoirs in general. We compare microseismic event and their uncertainties using data sets obtained with surface and downhole arrays of receivers. We first model the uncertainties to understand the effect of different acquisition geometries on location accuracy. For a vertical array of receivers in a single monitoring borehole, we find that the largest part of the final location uncertainty is related to estimation of the backazimuth. This is followed by uncertainty in the vertical position and radial distance from the receivers. For surface monitoring, the largest uncertainty lies in the vertical position due to the use of only a single phase (usually P‐wave) in the estimation of the event location. In surface monitoring results, lateral positions are estimated robustly and are not sensitive to the velocity model. In this case study, we compare event location solutions from two catalogues of microseismic events; one from a downhole array and the second from a surface array of 1C geophone. Our results show that origin time can be reliably used to find matching events between the downhole and surface catalogues. The locations of the corresponding events display a systematic shift consistent with a poorly calibrated velocity model for downhole dataset. For this case study, locations derived from surface monitoring have less scatter in both vertical and horizontal directions.     

Approximate traveltime inversion in downhole microseismic monitoring

In downhole microseismic monitoring, accurate event location relies on the accuracy of the velocity model. The model can be estimated along with event locations. Anisotropic models are important to get accurate event locations. Taking anisotropy into account makes it possible to use additional data – two S-wave arrivals generated due to shear-wave splitting. However, anisotropic ray tracing requires iterative procedures for computing group velocities, which may become unstable around caustics. As a result, anisotropic kinematic inversion may become time consuming. In this paper, we explore the idea of using simplified ray tracing to locate events and estimate medium parameters. In the simplified ray-tracing algorithm, the group velocity is assumed to be equal to phase velocity in both magnitude and direction. This assumption makes the ray-tracing algorithm five times faster compared to ray tracing based on exact equations. We present a set of tests showing that given perforation-shot data, one can use inversion based on simplified ray-tracing even for moderate-to-strong anisotropic models. When there are no perforation shots, event-location errors may become too large for moderately anisotropic media.     

全干涉成像的微地震定位方法研究

基于偏移成像的微地震定位方法由于可避免走时拾取误差以及可实现自动化定位等优点被广泛应用.绕射叠加方法将能量沿走时曲线聚焦到空间网格点上,进行成像时需要搜索发震时刻.干涉成像方法利用互相关提取的走时差信息可避免搜索发震时刻,但定位结果受数据信噪比的影响较大.为了进一步提高干涉成像法的定位精度,本文提出一种同时使用互相关和自相关道集的全干涉成像方法,增加的自相关道集提取的S-P走时差可降低震源-检波器方向的定位误差,提高定位精度.单井监测的理论测试和实际数据的研究结果表明,全干涉成像的定位精度高于仅使用互相关道集的干涉成像方法,同时计算效率高于绕射叠加方法.     

基于波形相似特征的微地震事件初至拾取及全局校正

微地震事件初至拾取是井下微地震监测数据处理的关键步骤之一.初至误差的存在会使微地震震源定位结果产生较大偏差,进而影响后续的压裂裂缝解释.通常初至拾取过程对所有的微地震事件选择相同的特征函数并采用一致的拾取参数进行统一处理,然而当事件的能量、震源机制、传播路径以及背景噪声等存在明显差异时,所得初至拾取结果差别显著.为了提高微地震事件初至拾取标准一致性,本文提出基于波形相似特征的初至拾取及全局校正方法.该方法首先利用互相关函数对每个事件内的各道记录进行时差校正,得到初始初至信息并形成叠加道,再对所有事件的叠加道进行全局互相关得到事件间初至相对校正量,最终初至结果可以通过各个事件的初始初至信息与其相对校正量相加得到.方法将所有微地震事件初至结果作为一个整体处理,从而能够克服常规方法初至拾取标准一致性差的缺陷.实际资料处理结果表明,相比于常规方法,该方法可以有效提高事件初至拾取和定位结果的一致性.     

基于波形特征的露天钼矿微震事件的识别分析——以卓资山钼矿为例

基于前人研究成果以及现场的实测结果,采用卓资山露天钼矿微震监测项目产出资料,提取了5类微震事件的波形特征和时频特征。波形特征显示:微地震的振幅、辐射均匀性和频率变化特征表明微地震是由于岩层受到单力偶和剪切力作用破裂而产生;爆破具有P波初动方向向上、S波不易识别的特点,包含“初震段、主震段、尾波段”三段变化形态;小型边坡滑坡波事件属楔体滑坡,是由多个“加速—缓冲—终止”构成,波形是由包络线呈“V”字形的多组脉冲波列组成;机械开采震动事件具有自振能量不变、脉冲幅度相差很大、持续时间间隔不确定的特点;运输车辆波形振幅具有形态“弱—强—弱”、等频率、包络线呈多段纺锤形的特征。时频空间分布可以分为相对独立、界限分明的两类:一类包含微地震、爆破、机械开采、小型边坡滑坡事件,另一类只包含车辆运输事件。