Relationship between Cd and PO4 in the Subtropical Sea near the Ryukyu Islands

The relationship between dissolved cadmium (Cd) and phosphate (PO₄) was examined at three stations in the subtropical area near the Ryukyu Islands in May 1999. Preformed PO₄ was obtained using the Redfield ratio in order to separate the surface water and the other layers in this study area. Almost 0 μM (−0.043 μM to 0.094 μM) was estimated in the layers above 300 m and 250 m at Sts. 1 and 3 and at St. 2, respectively. Up to these depths, water was considered to be uniform, and these layers were defined as the surface water in this study area. In the surface water, the slopes of the regression lines of the Cd-PO₄ plot were 0.162, 0.156, and 0.226 (nM/μM) at Sts. 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and these values were much closer to the estimated regenerated ratio of Cd to PO₄ from the Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU)-Cd/PO₄ plots, which was 0.197 (nM/μM) in this study area. Below surface layers, the slopes of the Cd-PO₄ plot changed to 0.371, 0.352, and 0.362 (nM//μM) at Sts. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the relationships between Cd and PO₄, clear deviations or kinks were observed at three stations at a PO₄ concentration of approximately 0.2 μM in the plot, which was attributable to the discontinuity of surface water and the other layers across the North Pacific subtropical mode water. In studies of the interaction between surface water and biogenic particles concerning the Cd/PO₄ ratio, separate analyses of seawater (surface water and the other layers) should be carried out to obtain the individual surface water ratio because the Cd/PO₄ ratio in the surface water is expected to differ from that of the underlying water. Furthermore, the biological fractionation of these constituents is based on the surface water ratio. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

实践中发展的最大有效力矩准则

最大有效力矩准则发表以来, 不断得到新的野外观察和实验结果的验证, 正在得到国内外同行的支持。岩石的变形行为取决于自身力学性质、构造层次(包括温度、压力、流体压力等因素)和应变速率。浅构造层次中平面菱网状构造和剖面共轭膝褶带, 钝角面对缩短方向, 受最大有效力矩准则控制, 是对慢应变速率的构造响应。证明应变速率对变形行为的控制程度不亚于构造层次。韧、脆性构造的共存意味着构造演化过程为快、慢应变速率的交替。      

风沙流中风速廓线的数值模拟与实验验证

如何描述风沙流中被风沙运动改变了的风速廓线是风沙相互作用研究中的关键问题之一.该文中将跃移风沙流视为一种颗粒拟流体,将跃移颗粒对气流产生的阻力用颗粒流的阻力系数来表达,建立了描写两场相互作用的数学模型.颗粒流的阻力系数采用了前人在液态流化床研究中得出的阻力系数表达形式,通过引入一个修正系数,使其适用于风沙流(气-固两相流).将风沙边界层划分为跃移颗粒所产生的阻力不可忽略的内边界层和跃移颗粒阻力可以忽略但受内边界层影响的外边界层,分别建立了内边界层和外边界层的风速廓线表达式.应用所建立的数学模型,根据由风洞实验测定的跃移风沙流的浓度分布和速度分布资料,计算了跃移风沙流中的风速廓线,并与风洞实测结果进行了对比.结果表明,计算风速廓线与实测风速廓线吻合得比较好,在半对数图上均为上凸的曲线,有别于无风沙运动时的直线.跃移边界层外风速分布可较好地用对数函数来描述.对风沙流中风速廓线的进一步分析证实了风沙物理学奠基人Bagnold在其早期观测风沙流中的风速廓线时提出的"结点现象"(Bagnold结),该结点的高度随风速的增大而升高,随颗粒粒径的增大而降低.根据数值模拟和模拟实验,可以认为有风沙运动的动床剪切风速是综合反映风场与跃移层以及地表之间相互作用的物理量.     

Structural analysis of the Mystery Bay area,New South Wales

The Ordovician sedimentary rocks of the southeastern Lachlan Fold Belt in the Mystery Bay area are folded into two approximately coaxial and subhorizontally plunging fold series: F₁ and F₂. Regional domains with internally consistent F₁ and F₂ trends are juxtaposed along strike‐slip faults. Locally developed kink bands commonly have a close spatial relationship with the domain boundaries.

A faulted domain boundary is exposed in coastal rocks at Mystery Bay between north‐northeasterly trending turbidites and northwesterly trending complexly deformed cherts and pelites of the Wagonga Beds. South of the boundary fault, F₁ and F₂ trends in the turbidite succession exhibit a segmented 75° counterclockwise rotation about a near‐vertical axis within a 750 m wide zone parallel with the coast, relative to regional trends preserved farther south. The rotation zone hosts prolific subvertical kink bands and crenulations. The turbidite succession youngs towards the east and hence its present position is incompatible with its projected along‐strike position on the western limb of a major anticline exposing the older Wagonga Beds.

At least three generations of faulting are recognized. Within the coastal Wagonga Beds, a set of post‐F₁ faults is subparallel to the tectonic grain and probably had vertical motion. Two systems of post‐F₂ strike‐slip faults include a conjugate system in coastal outcrops, with offsets indicative of layer‐normal shortening; and a series of northerly trending faults, with probable sinistral displacements, recognized from inland exposures.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带内韧性剪切带的地质特征及其意义

阐述了雅鲁藏布江缝合带内发现的巨型韧性剪切带的规模、构造分带性及其地质特征,指出了膝折构造带与低温高压变质带以及韧性剪切带的成因关系,阐明了缝合带内韧性剪切带在板块俯冲时的空间位置及其构造地质意义。     

Wave Processes in Inhomogeneous Nonlinear-Dissipative Media

Several problems for nonlinear localized wave processes are analysed. Wave solutions of the kink type, concentrated in the vicinity of some curve l, are considered. Both the solution and the curve l are unknown. It is shown that the determination of l may be realized without knowledge of the solution. For one class of problems, a variational principle for finding l, similar to the Fermat principle, is obtained. Types of waves are found which exist due to the inhomogeneity of the medium or due to the initial front curvature only.     

塔北隆起-库车坳陷区中新生代基底-盖层构造变形机理

利用三维建模软件获取了塔北隆起-库车坳陷区现今及不同时期基底构造格局，为基底构造分析提供了新的技术方法。研究表明，三叠纪-古近纪，塔里木盆地北部块体的基底构造基本处于稳定状态，基底-盖层构造变形不明显；新近纪，克拉苏背斜带以北的塔里木盆地基底明显向天山倾斜，库车基底俯冲变形导致基底转折带逐渐向南迁移，库车前陆盆地形成；第四纪时期，库车-拜城盆地的基底整体向天山下倾斜，基底构造的强转折带迁移到塔北隆起带；新近纪以来库车坳陷的基底转折期与塔北隆起盖层的负反转构造形成期在时间上一致，在空间上，库车坳陷的基底在强烈沉降俯冲的同时，相邻塔北隆起的基底相对隆起，形成库车新生代前陆盆地的前隆；库车前陆冲断带的形成是在库车基底斜坡上伴随天山的推覆而形成的；塔北隆起为库车前陆盆地的前隆，基底俯冲变形及其转折带迁移导致塔北隆起盖层负反转构造的形成。     

Simulating Astrophysical Jets in Laboratory Experiments

Pulsed-power technology and appropriate boundary conditions have been used to create simulations of magnetically driven astrophysical jets in a laboratory experiment. The experiments are quite reproducible and involve a distinct sequence. Eight initial flux tubes, corresponding to eight gas injection locations, merge to form the jet, which lengthens, collimates, and eventually kinks. A model developed to explain the collimation process predicts that collimation is intimately related to convection and pile-up of frozen-in toroidal flux convected with the jet. The pile-up occurs when there is an axial non-uniformity in the jet velocity so that in the frame of the jet there appears to be a converging flow of plasma carrying frozen-in toroidal magnetic flux. The pile-up of convected flux at this “stagnation region” amplifies the toroidal magnetic field and increases the pinch force, thereby collimating the jet.     

Flare-associated surge prominence on 1980 october 30

The Hα observations of a flare-associated surge prominence on 1980 October 30 have been described. Morphology and dynamics of the surge prominence have been presented. From our observations and analysis we have estimated the magnetic field associated with surge material to be about 35 gauss which is in good agreement with the earlier result of Tandberg-Hanssen & Malville (1974). It has been determined that coronal pressure is not acting as a resistive force on the outward expansion of the surge into the corona. The kinetic energy of the surge was about 10²⁸ erg, which is 2 orders less than required for the mass to escape the chromosphere. It appears that the flare-associated surge prominence was perhaps a result of kink instability in the flaring region.     

广义"断层转折褶皱"的几何学正演数值模拟

提出了一个广义“断层转折褶皱”的几何学数值模拟方法,并用C＋＋语言编制了相应的数值模拟软件。该软件能模拟非常复杂的褶皱冲断系统,包括多转折“剪切断层转折褶皱”（multi-bend shear fault-bend folds）、复合楔体构造（composite wedge structures）、以及多滑脱层褶皱冲断系统（multi-detachment fold and thrust systems）。通过把一个沉积岩层分解成“膝折带”（kink-band）和“膝折楔”（kink-wedge）两部分,解决了模拟曲线形态的多转折断层转折褶皱的难点问题,而以往的几何学方法仅对真实的褶皱形态作了粗略的线性近似。通过把复杂的褶皱冲断系统分解成一系列迭加的滑脱层系,可以模拟复杂的楔体构造,并提供这些构造演化的二维动画。该软件被应用于美国加里福尼亚州的Wheeler山脊,一个活动的楔体构造,其构造解释得自于大量钻井数据,正演数值模拟再现了该构造的主要特征。