气候变化对海洋鱼类群落结构的影响研究进展

全球气候变化影响着海洋生态系统的多个方面,而鱼类群落结构对气候变化的响应机制是探索海洋生态系统演变规律的关键点之一。本文结合国内外相关研究成果,概述了气候变化引起的温度、盐度、CO₂浓度、海平面高度、溶解氧以及海流等的改变对鱼类群落结构的影响,并以太平洋十年涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño Southern Oscillation,ENSO)等典型气候现象为例,探讨了鱼类群落对典型气候现象的响应,讨论了需要解决的重点问题,以期为科学应对气候变化和制定海洋生物多样性保护策略提供依据。     

Panta Rhei 2013–2015: global perspectives on hydrology,society and change

ABSTRACT

In 2013, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) launched the hydrological decade 2013–2022 with the theme “Panta Rhei: Change in Hydrology and Society”. The decade recognizes the urgency of hydrological research to understand and predict the interactions of society and water, to support sustainable water resource use under changing climatic and environmental conditions. This paper reports on the first Panta Rhei biennium 2013–2015, providing a comprehensive resource that describes the scope and direction of Panta Rhei. We bring together the knowledge of all the Panta Rhei working groups, to summarize the most pressing research questions and how the hydrological community is progressing towards those goals. We draw out interconnections between different strands of research, and reflect on the need to take a global view on hydrology in the current era of human impacts and environmental change. Finally, we look back to the six driving science questions identified at the outset of Panta Rhei, to quantify progress towards those aims.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor not assigned     

地震和潮汐对气候波动变化的影响

2004年12月26日印尼地震海啸后,全球低温冻害和暴雪灾害频繁发生."潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"是一种合理的解释.根据"潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"理论,2005年以后全球气温将因为地震海啸和强潮汐南北震荡而降低.2009年11月至2010年1月低温暴雪袭击北半球,西方科学家也承认2000～2010年气候的...     

Decade fluctuations in the rotation rate of the earth in the last 200 years

Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis of the 200 year series (1781–1980) of the change in L.O.D. (Length of Day) revealed significant peaks atT=21, 32, 50, 63 and possibly 120 years. The periodsT=22 and 44 years seem to be stable over 200 years.     

日长的十年尺度波动分析和核幔电磁耦合

分析了１８００ ～１９９５ 年的日长年均值（ △ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ Ｙ） 观测资料表明：日长（ △ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ Ｙ） 的十年波动明显大于观测噪声水平。用小波变换方法分析了△ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ Ｙ 观测资料, 表明△ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ Ｙ 的十年尺度的周期为６０ａ （ 年） 和３０ａ（ 年） , 所对应的振幅为１ ｍｓ 和０ ．５ｍｓ 左右。文中采用国际地球自转服务中心提供的（ Ｅ Ｏ Ｐ Ｃ０４９７ 的日长（ △ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃ０４９７） 序列以及由美国国家环境预测中心和美国国家大气研究中心（ Ｎ Ｃ Ｅ Ｐ／ Ｎ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ） 利用全球气象资料归算的大气角动量（ Ａ Ａ Ｍ） 序列进行低通滤波分析, 日长和大气角动量在十年尺度上的波动不一致, 大气角动量只影响到日长短于年际以上时间尺度的变化。文中用理论近似来计算核幔电磁耦合力矩的轴向分量, 它与天文观测△ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ 资料推出的力矩量级相当, 核幔电磁耦合假说可作为△ Ｌ Ｏ Ｄ 的十年尺度波动的可能机制     

Panta Rhei 2013–2015: global perspectives on hydrology,society and change

ABSTRACT

In 2013, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) launched the hydrological decade 2013–2022 with the theme “Panta Rhei: Change in Hydrology and Society”. The decade recognizes the urgency of hydrological research to understand and predict the interactions of society and water, to support sustainable water resource use under changing climatic and environmental conditions. This paper reports on the first Panta Rhei biennium 2013–2015, providing a comprehensive resource that describes the scope and direction of Panta Rhei. We bring together the knowledge of all the Panta Rhei working groups, to summarize the most pressing research questions and how the hydrological community is progressing towards those goals. We draw out interconnections between different strands of research, and reflect on the need to take a global view on hydrology in the current era of human impacts and environmental change. Finally, we look back to the six driving science questions identified at the outset of Panta Rhei, to quantify progress towards those aims.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor not assigned     

1880年以来华北降水及水资源的变化

分析了１８８０年以来华北地区降水的季节、年际和年代际变化,研究表明,华北降水存在着显著的年际和年代际变化,１８８３￣１８９８年和１９４９￣１９６４年是华北降水较丰沛时段,１８９９￣１９２０年和１９６５￣１９９７年华北降水处于偏少阶段,其中１９８０￣１９９３年降水持续偏少,干旱现象严重研究指出：华北夏季降水的年际和年代际变 夏季东亚－西太平洋地区上空５００ｈＰａ位势高度场以及西太平洋副热带高压脊线位     

宁夏冬季气温的变化及同期500hPa环流特征量的变化特征

通过近40多年来宁夏冬季气温的变化进行了研究,结果表明:宁夏冬季气温总趋势是变暖的,冬季平均气温在1985年前后发生突变,突变后升温最明显的是中部干旱带;宁夏冬季气候变暖与大区域有不同之处,1967-1990年宁夏冬季升温过程,最低气温是主要的,但1990年以后宁夏冬季的变暖,并不完全是由于最低气温的变暖而形成,最高气温的变暖也是20世纪90年代以来宁夏冬季气候变暖的重要特征;宁夏极端气温变化具有明显阶段性特征,80年代末期以后极端最低气温的变率明显增大;冬季北半球500 hpa极涡面积、亚洲西风环流指数、东亚大槽位置、西太平洋副热带高压强度与宁夏冬季平均气温有较为一致的年代际气候特征;小波分析发现,以上环流特征量与宁夏冬季平均气温存在相同的4年左右的主周期变化,且在时、频域上有较为一致的对应关系。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.     

SCL与中国东部气候年代际变化

据宇地磁耦合原理,利用太阳黑子周期长度(SCL)的变化及其与地磁场(文中主要考虑地热)的关系,模拟计算并重建了中国东部历史时期的气温序列变化,除了个别时段外,模拟曲线与修正后的竺可桢曲线十分相似;分析了2500a来中国东部气候的年代际变化.结果表明,该曲线能较好地再现2500a来中国东部气候的冷暖变化.对竺氏曲线中有争议的几个冷暖时段,如公元150—350年的温暖期、1050—1150年的小气候适宜期等,模拟结果与后来研究者分析的结果相合.中唐至五代的气候冷暖交替变化不稳定.该曲线也能清晰地反映出小冰期中国东部气候各个时段的变化以及现代气候的变化趋势。