夏季降水量与气温资料的恢复试验

该文对我国汛期降水量和气温缺测资料及资料均一性恢复的方法进行试验研究。对单个气候地区（东北区），以及全国6个气候地区用逐步回归和逐步判别方法进行缺测1～5年恢复试验。对东北地区内所有站点的试验表明，逐步判别分析方法比逐步回归分析方法恢复效果好些；选择邻站用判别分析方法建立的恢复模型，效果更好。全国气候地区试验表明，选择邻站的判别分析方法有较好的恢复效果。     

中国中部典型高山气象站风速的均一性检验及其变化特点

采用二相回归方法并结合台站历史沿革信息,在对中国中部典型高山站南岳和庐山1960-2017年平均风速资料进行均一性检验和订正的基础上,分析其变化特征及其与周边低海拔台站的差异,并利用NCEP/NCAR再分析风速资料对其差异进行验证。结果表明：南岳站平均风速序列存在一个由测风仪器变更而导致的非均一点,而庐山站不存在非均一点;南岳和庐山年及四季平均风速均显著高于周边台站,且高山站以春季和夏季风速最大,而低海拔台站各季节风速差异较小;近58 a高山站及周边低海拔台站的年及四季平均风速均呈显著的减小趋势,但高山站的减小速率显著高于低海拔台站;同区域NCEP/NCAR的1000 hPa和850 hPa平均风速变化的差异与高山站和低海拔台站的差异基本一致,说明中低空和地面风速的这种差异在中国中部地区具有一定的普遍性。     

喀什站高空温度资料均一性检验与订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的RHtest均一化检验方法,结合历史台站沿革信息对喀什站各标准等压面高空温度资料进行了均一性检验和分析。结果表明:850～300 hPa共6个层次的高空日温度观测资料序列完整性较好。08时100 hPa月平均温度的缺测率3%,完整性较差,20时100 hPa的完整性最差,缺测率高达11.44%,其他层次的完整性则较好。喀什站温度资料的非均一性主要是由于台站位置变动、观测仪器换型、观测规范变更和辐射误差订正方法的变化引起的。在订正过程中发现,为了保证订正序列的可信度,需要充分考虑到原始观测序列的缺测率。08时年温度序列的断点数量要明显多于20时,08时序列的订正率达到了85.71%,而20时仅有100 h Pa一条序列做了订正。     

K-Ar法地质年龄国家一级标准物质ZBH-25黑云母的研制

ZBH-25黑云母采自北京房山花岗闪长岩体。它的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 阶段加热实验结果表明,~(40)Ar~*在矿物晶格中保存均匀稳定,年龄谱平坦,~(39)Ar 析出量高达96%,~(40)K-~(40)Ar~*同位素体系封闭良好,证明该黑云母结晶以后未受过热扰动。坪年龄为133.0±0.3Ma,总气体年龄为132.1±0.6Ma;~(36)Ar/~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar 反等时线年龄为133.1±1.3 Ma,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar 初始值为293.5±1.6,与大气氩丰度比(295.5±0.5)处于同一范围,表明样品不含过剩氩。激光显微探针单颗粒坪年龄为132.8±0.2Ma,年龄谱和 K/Ca 谱线平坦,激光熔样总气体年龄为131.3±0.2Ma(图6)。这几个 Ar-Ar 年龄的一致性,说明样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,是理想的 K-Ar 和 Ar-Ar 法年龄标准物质。对均匀性检验数据进行统计学方法检验,在0.05显著性水平下,证明 K 和~(40)Ar~*的 F 分布值小于 F 临界值,说明该样品是均匀的。国内外14个实验室参加了 K 含量的定值分析,15个实验室参加了~(40)Ar~*含量的定值分析,经统计学方法检验,结果显示全部定值数据都服从正态分布并具等精度。在置信概率为0.95时,~(40)Ar~*和 K 含量的相对标准偏差都小于0.5%。两个特性量值定值分析结果的一致值和不确定度分别为:~(40)Ar~*=1.817±0.013×10~(-9)mol/g,K=7.60±0.02%,K-Ar 年龄(标准值)=132.9±1.3Ma(2σ).此标准物质纯度为98.8%,粒度为0.25-0.63mm,总重量为5800g,缩分成最小样品单元共400瓶,每瓶重量为14.5g。可供我国 K-Ar 和 Ar-Ar 法同位素年代学实验室使用120年。     

金牛山金矿床流体包裹体类型及其特征

金牛山金矿床的石英包裹体划分为纯液相包裹体、气液相包裹体和ＣＯ２三相包裹体三种类型,均一温度在１５０～３００℃,主成矿温度在１９０～２１０℃之间。研究表明成矿热液由南向北运移。     

Homogeneity testing of microanalytical reference materials by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)

Homogeneity testing of candidate reference materials requires distinguishing the effects of measurement uncertainty of the analytical method from true compositional variations within the material. Many in situ microanalytical techniques do not allow classical ANOVA homogeneity testing due to the infeasibility of truly replicated analyses on the same analysis volume. This also applies to the analysis of beam-sensitive and light element-bearing materials by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This reality has led me to reconsider the homogeneity index approach used in the testing of microanalytical reference materials by EPMA. Based on statistical considerations, I show that the homogeneity index is suitable for statistical significance testing using F and chi-squared statistics and allows estimating the contribution of compositional heterogeneity to the total uncertainty budget of the referenced values. However, there are problems of bias and masking of small compositional variations by measurement uncertainty. This contribution shows the strong impact of the total number of measurements on the resolution of a microanalytical homogeneity study and discusses how to quantify the relative contribution of heterogeneity to the total uncertainty budget. I present an example of EPMA to illustrate this approach and show some pitfalls and limitations in its application.     

Rapid assessment of beta dose variation inside cobbles,and implications for rock luminescence dating

Variation in beta dose rate within rocks may impact the results of rock surface luminescence dating, for both the burial age of cobbles and exposure age of rock surfaces. Current methods of rock surface luminescence dating assume that radionuclides are homogeneously distributed inside rocks. In this study, two rapid methods based on beta counting and on a portable XRF instrument were developed to measure the radioactivity of rock slices. These methods were applied to rock slices from four glaciofluvial granite cobbles that had previously been used for equivalent dose determination to test whether beta dose variation could be observed. Results from beta counting and K content from XRF show similar patterns and both vary along the depth profiles, but the magnitude of this variability is very different amongst the four cobbles. In rocks where the dose rate is highly variable, bleaching may not be the only source of variation of L_n/T_n or equivalent dose (D_e) along the luminescence-depth profile of cobbles, and it may be necessary to measure the beta dose rate for every single slice to determine whether multiple bleaching events are recorded or variations in D_e are due to dose rate heterogeneity.     

Evaluation of Composts from Agricultural Wastes with Fish Pond Sediment as Bulking Agent to Improve Compost Quality

Composts with five different ratios of agricultural wastes, viz. rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), potato plant (PP), and mustard stover (MS) were prepared with or without fish pond bottom sediment to investigate the compost maturity and their suitability for field application. The composting process was monitored through the changes in physico‐chemical parameters and germination index (GI) at every 7 days interval of the composting process. All the composts were dark brown and smelled like forest soil within 56 days of composting, which reflected its matured status. On the basis of the physico‐chemical parameters (bulk density: 0.84 g/cm³; pH 7.05; electrical conductivity: 3.52 mS/cm; cation exchange capacity:82.4 cmol/kg; total carbon:321.4 g/kg; total nitrogen: 16.9 g/kg; As: 6.8 mg/kg; Cd: 2.96 mg/kg; Cr: 29.6 mg/kg, Cu: 243.6 mg/kg; Hg: 0.019 mg/kg; Ni: 24.3 mg/kg; Pb: 62.1 mg/kg and Zn: 812 mg/kg) and GI (89–96%), it could be concluded that RS/WS/PP/MS, 1:1:2:1 v/v/v/v with fish pond sediment produced better compost in accordance with the Indian compost standard. Application of a combined randomized block design analysis revealed that there is a significant difference in the responses of the five composts, in relation to the time of composting. Hierarchical clustering algorithm was applied with a view to form homogeneous groups of five different composts on the basis of different physico‐chemical parameters. Therefore, the ratio of waste incorporation is an important decision for composting and addition of pond sediment can improve the quality of compost.     

由GPS资料讨论中国大陆块体运动与应变模型的建立及检验

目前很多文献基于弹性力学假设,以小形变、均匀应变场为前提,利用GPS资料建立了中国大陆块体的整体旋转与均匀应变模型,并对模型进行了相关检验.但上述对模型的检验侧重从模型的拟合效果上进行分析和比较,忽略了对模型的适用性和假设条件合理性的检验.实际上,不同块体由于自身构造和外部条件的不同,其运动状况与应变状态并不完全一致,模型的适用性需进一步的验证.本文提出了两步检验方法对所建立的模型在中国大陆6个主要块体上进行了检验：第一步对应变参数进行显著性检验,第二步对应变均匀性进行检验,结果表明：根据所用数据精度,华南块体的刚性程度在95% 的置信水平上可以认为显著的,建立模型时不必考虑内部形变;其他块体内部形变显著,整体旋转与均匀应变模型并不能反映真实的地壳运动状态,必须考虑其形变的不均匀性.     

K-Ar法地质年龄标准物质ZBJ角闪石的定值结果

为了满足K-Ar定年中K和⁴⁰Ar^*分析的质量监控及Ar-Ar法样品在反应堆照射时中子通量监测的需要,我国氩同位素年代学工作者研制了一个K-Ar法年龄标准物质ZBJ角闪石,它采自北京房山花岗闪长岩体。它的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar阶段加热分析结果表明:⁴⁰Ar^*在矿物晶格中保存均匀稳定,年龄谱平坦,³⁹Ar析出量高达97%。这些证据充分表明该黑云母结晶以后未受过热扰动,40K-⁴⁰Ar^*同位素计时体系封闭良好。坪年龄为133.3±0.6Ma,总气体年龄为134.4±1.4Ma,³⁶Ar/⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar反等时线年龄为133.2±0.8Ma,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar初始值为297.6±4.8,此值与(⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar)a大气氩丰度比(295.5±0.5)处于同一范围,表明样品不含过剩氩。这几个年龄值的一致性,说明该样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,它作为K-Ar和Ar-Ar法地质年龄标准物质是适合的。ZBJ角闪石均匀性检验结果表明:在0.05显著性水平下经统计学方法检验,证明K和⁴⁰Ar^*的F分布值小于F临界值,说明该样品是均匀的。国内8个实验室参加了ZBJ角闪石K含量和⁴⁰Ar^*含量的定值分析,经统计学方法检验,结果显示全部定值数据都服从正态分布并具等精度。在置信概率为0.95时,⁴⁰Ar*和K含量的相对标准偏差都小于1%。两个特性量值定值分析结果的一致值(认定值)和不确定度分别为:⁴⁰Ar^*=(2.464±0.018)×10^-10mol/g,K=(1.027±0.008)%,K-Ar年龄(标准值)=133.3±1.5Ma(2σ)。此标准物质纯度为98.1%,粒度为0.15～0.30mm,总重量为740g,缩分成最小样品单元共100瓶,每瓶7.4g,可供我国K-Ar和Ar-Ar法同位素年代学实验室使用37年。