一种高效率的软件开发方法--以用户为中心的软件开发方法(UCD)

软件开发是海洋监测技术与设备研究与开发的一个重要的环节,软件开发质量的高低直接关系到海洋监测仪器和设备的质量。文中阐释了以用户为中心的软件开发方法的概念、特点以及其实施中的基本原则和关键活动,并对传统的软件开发方法和以用户为中心的软件开发方法进行了比较研究。该方法不仅提高了用户的生产效率和生产质量,而且还减少了企业支持和培训方面的费用,提高了产品和服务的竞争力。     

The space-time cube as part of a GeoVisual analytics environment to support the understanding of movement data

This paper reports the results of an empirical usability experiment on the performance of the space-time cube in a GeoVisual analytics environment. It was developed to explore movement data based on the requirements of human geographers. The interactive environment consists of multiple coordinated views incorporating three graphical representations. For the experiment, two groups of the user, domain experts and non-domain experts, had to execute several map-use tasks to answers specific question. The data collected during the experiment were analysis resulting in a set of usability metrics related to the effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction of developed application. The comparison of both groups showed that domain experts were able to operate the visual analytical environment more effectively and efficiently due to their interest to explore their data. The user feedback derived from the analysis of both experiments was further processed for the improvement of the application.     

电子地图导航技术框架研究

导航技术在用户使用电子地图中起着重要的引导作用,本文在拓宽地图学和地理信息工程领域中将电子地图导航技术分为了6类:显示设备、信息重构、缩放+漫游、概览+细节、焦点+上下文和基于提示的对象可视化技术,并构建了电子地图导航技术框架研究的漏斗模型,并对框架中的地理任务分类、导航技术分类、导航技术理论、可用性研究和评估方法以及最后方案的复用5个方面进行了阐述,并提出了初步的解决方案。     

Cartographic Design and the Space–Time Cube

This paper reports on the results of an empirical evaluation that aimed to define the effectiveness and efficiency of different visual variables in depicting the Space–Time Cube’s (STC) content. Existing STC applications demonstrate that the most used visual variables are size and colour hue. Less is known, however, about their usability metrics. The research sets design criteria for STC contents, such as space–time paths, based on the cartographic design theory. The visual variables colour hue, colour value, colour saturation, size and orientation have been applied in two different use case studies. Besides, to support the three-dimensional visual environment, depth cues such as shading and transparency were considered too. User tests have been executed based on real-world problems with particular attention for the visualization strategy and data complexity. The outcomes revealed the most efficient and effective visual variables to represent data of various complexities in the STC.     

Engaging indigenous people as geo-crowdsourcing sensors for ecotourism mapping via mobile data collection: a case study of the Royal Belum State Park

ABSTRACT

Web 2.0 and the proliferation of built-in Global Positioning System (GPS) on smartphones have influenced the increase of geo-crowdsourcing activities in a number of different contexts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of indigenous people’s use of mobile collection applications that are embedded in a smartphone to facilitate ecotourism asset mapping. In order to achieve this, field usability testing was conducted where structured observational method was used to assess the performance. The findings indicate majority of them can complete the data entry tasks using mobile data collection. The performance of data entries using radio button, icons, camera and audio methods were identified as better than free text and drop-down list methods. There was a correlation between the level of education with the ability of using radio button, drop-down list and image icon as data entry methods. The paper also discusses the extent of local knowledge relating to ecotourism within the community. The findings should be useful in the understanding of the design of mobile geo-crowdsourcing tools for use within other contexts that focus on data collection by semiliterate and indigenous groups.     

Trust in Web GIS: the role of the trustee attributes in the design of trustworthy Web GIS applications

Since the introduction of Xerox PARC Map Viewer, there is a high growth in the number of Web GIS (Geographical Information System) applications for public use in different contexts. These applications instruct, advise and provide the tools for spatial analysis to their users, and the people who use them depend or rely on these systems. Many of these users are non-experts who have no GIS expertise and a limited understanding of spatial data handling. These inherent characteristics of non-expert interaction establish risk and uncertainty, which are further increased due to the complexity of Web GIS interfaces. These issues of uncertainty, risk perception and dependence are all trust-related aspects. Online trust has been repeatedly identified as a major concept for online information systems and its value recognised as it influences the intentions to use and the acceptance of online systems and the overall user experience. However, there is a very limited understanding as to exactly how trust is constructed when people, especially non-experts, interact with Web GIS. To improve knowledge in this domain, this article explores the theoretical foundations on how trust can be investigated in this context. Trust studies (mainly from the e-commerce domain) suggest that a trust-oriented interface design may improve the trustworthiness of online systems, and such attention can be given to Web GIS interfaces. Such studies are reviewed and their applicability is considered in the Web GIS context, taking into consideration their special characteristics. A case study is used to discuss how some features may potentially influence the trustworthiness of Web GIS applications. This article concludes by suggesting future research directions for the implementation of a holistic approach, which is necessary to investigate trust in this context.     

An Empirical User Study for Measuring the Influence of Colour Distance and Font Size in Map Reading Using Eye Tracking

Abstract

An assessment of British responses to a pan-European questionnaire conducted during the summer of 2003.     

Graphically supported evaluation of mapping techniques used in presenting spatial accessibility

ABSTRACT

Given the rising availability of alternative ways of spatial data mapping, there is a growing need to study their usability. An important aspect here is the diversity of the cartographic visualizations that are used to draw conclusions about the usability of various mapping techniques. In our study we evaluated the usability of six various mapping techniques used in presenting spatial accessibility, taking into consideration four components: effectiveness and efficiency (objective criteria) and graphical attractiveness and user-perceived effectiveness (subjective criteria). Using Internet questionnaires, we conducted a graphical perception experiment with respondents performing tasks on a hypothetical monocentric road network model displayed using mapping techniques of spatial accessibility, differing in the applied parameters of graphical and non-graphical factors influencing effectiveness and efficiency. The results showed that non-graphical factors had a greater influence than the graphical factors. In total usability comparison the three-dimensional (3D) point technique was ranked the highest, while the worst result was achieved by the 3D area technique. The proposed graphical form of study results made it possible to compare the influence of various effectiveness factors, to analyze mapping techniques in terms of considered criteria and finally to present their total usability using a chart inspired by Uhorczak’s typogram.     

基于可用性电子地图符号测试系统的设计与实现

电子地图符号测试系统对提高电子地图符号的信息传输效率,与用户达成认知的一致性、准确性,促进电子地图符号的发展等都有重要的理论研究意义和实际应用价值。本文分析了现有电子地图符号测试系统中存在的问题,探讨了可用性理论在电子地图符号测试系统中的应用。最后,分别从功能设计、界面设计、测试项目设计、测试环境设计等四个方面研究了电子地图符号测试系统的设计方法,并用VC++语言对其编程实现。     

面向海洋监测的传感数据可用性评价技术

无线传感器网络已成为监测海洋环境信息的一种重要手段,然而由于传感设备部署的范围和密度不同,造成不同位置的感知数据的可用性差异很大,针对此建立模型并进行评价对于高质量的数据获取和清洗具有重要的意义。基于传感器节点的感知模型、能耗模型和改进的Leeway漂流模型,面向感知数据的可靠性和时效性两个方面,建立了围绕海洋监测应用的综合评判指标,进一步提出数据采集船航行路线的评价方法和数据源的选择方法,最后通过实验验证了提出模型和方法的有效性。