高分五号全谱段光谱成像仪地表温度与发射率反演

地表温度在全球能量平衡和气候变化研究中具有重要意义。中国新一代高分辨率卫星高分五号卫星(GF-5)搭载的全谱段成像光谱仪有4个40 m空间分辨率的热红外波段,可以提供高空间分辨率的地表温度信息。本文提出了适用于全谱段成像光谱仪的温度与发射率分离TES(Temperature and Emissivity Separation)算法同时反演地表温度和发射率,为了提高大气校正精度,算法加入了水汽缩放WVS(Water Vapor Scaling)大气校正方法。首先利用Seebor V5.0全球大气廓线库构建模拟数据对算法精度进行了评价;然后利用张掖地区11景ASTER影像作为替代数据和同步的地面实测数据对算法精度进行了验证。模拟数据结果表明加入WVS方法后TES算法反演地表温度的RMSE由2.59 K降低到1.54 K,4个波段地表发射率的RMSE分别从0.122、0.12、0.102和0.037降低到0.042、0.04、0.028和0.026;地表验证结果表明本文算法反演的地表温度与站点实测值具有更好的一致性,平均Bias由1.08 K降低到0.47 K,RMSE由2.17 K降低到1.7 K;反演的各波段地表发射率与地面实测结果误差均小于1%。因此,本文提出的温度与发射率分离算法具有较高精度,可以利用GF-5数据获取高精度高空间分辨率的地表温度和发射率数据,服务于其他相关研究。     

Review of Tourism Ecological Security from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization Construction

In the era of sustainable development, the ecological impact of the development of the tourism industry has attracted extensive attention from all walks of life. Generally considered, tourism ecological security (TES) is an important link to realize the high-quality development of tourism destinations and promote the construction of ecological civilization. Based on keyword discrimination of TES, tourism ecological risk and tourism ecological health, and from the perspective of ecological civilization construction, this paper uses the databases of Web of Science and CNKI as data sources to systematically comb and analyze TES research from the aspects of development process, research methods and research content, and puts forward the prospects for future research on this basis. This analysis found that research in the TES field presents four main characteristics. (1) The phased characteristic of “germination - exploration - development” is significant, and a relatively standard research framework of “evaluation - influencing factors - early warning - regulation” has been formed. (2) The empirical orientation of the research methods is distinct. (3) The development trend is characterized by small-scale dominance and a large-scale surge. (4) The disciplinary integration and practical combination have been continuously strengthened. Combined with the development trends and hot spots of TES, this paper proposes that the direction and goal of deepening TES research in the future should be carried out from the aspects of strengthening research on thresholds, early warning and regulation, improving the application of big data, constructing the synergistic effect mechanisms between tourism and ecology, and realizing the longitudinal deepening and interconnection of scale research.     

航空高光谱热红外数据的两种发射率反演方法对比

本文在介绍航空高光谱热红外的两种发射率反演算法——ARTEMISS算法和ASTER TES算法基础上,以甘肃柳园地区的热红外高光谱TASI数据为基础,对实验区进行了发射率反演,结合野外实测结果,对两种算法的图像质量和精度进行了对比分析。结果显示,两种算法均能满足反演精度要求,ASTER TES算法图像质量好,精度较高;ARTEMISS步骤简单,反演结果能很好地体现出岩性差异。在实际应用中应结合不同的应用要求来选择不同的反演算法。     

Water-ice clouds and dust in the north polar region of Mars using MGS TES data

Water-ice and dust optical depths in Mars’ north polar region are mapped as function of season, latitude and longitude, and their characteristics and variability on a geographic, seasonal, and interannual basis are discussed. We use water-ice and dust optical depth data provided by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), covering nearly three northern spring and summer periods. We find that interannual variability exists in both the water ice and dust behavior, although there are trends that repeat year to year as well. The optical thickness of the north polar hood (NPH) exhibits interannually varying longitudinal structure, both during springtime recession and late-summer onset. We define the characteristics associated with the transition to and from the NPH and find that the disappearance occurs near L_s=75° and the reappearance near L_s=160-165°. We find that the late spring to early summer time frame is characterized by very low water-ice optical depths and enhanced dust activity, with a preference for lower water-ice and higher dust optical depths in the 0-90°W quadrant. We see possible evidence for stationary wavenumber 2 systems in a few of the maps examined.     

Spatiotemporal Distributions of δD in Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on TES Data During 2004-2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD16O (or 1H2H16O, or HDO) and H218O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of iso- tope HDO (i.e., δD), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δDv, and the relationship of δDv with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H2O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δDv has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δDv decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Sea- sonal changes of δDv exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δDv in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δDv and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δDv and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor (δDv), compared with that in precipitation (δDp), is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, in- dicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.     

An improved TES algorithm based on the corrected ALPHA difference spectrum

Different from visible signals, thermal infrared radiances depend on both temperature and emissivity. It is a key problem for us to separate temperature and emissivity in thermal infrared remote sensing re- search. Another difficulty encountered in the retrieval of surface temperature is the correction of downwelling sky irradiance, because it is closely related to surface emissivity. When emissivity is un- known, the downwelling sky irradiance is difficult to be removed. In this paper, we introduce a correc- tion term of downwelling sky irradiance developed by Li and Becker into Wien’s approximation, to de- rive an improved ALPHA difference spectrum which is independent of temperature, and furthermore develop a correction term to remove the error of Wien’s approximation. Under the support of the above work, attractive features of Alpha derived emissivity method and ASTER TES algorithm are combined together to acquire a new Improved TES algorithm based on Corrected ALPHA Difference Spectrum (ICADS TES). Because a multi-band inversion technique is applied, and the operations of band ratios and differences are included in the algorithm, it can partly remove the influence of atmosphere and noises. Numerical simulation experiments show that for various combinations of atmosphere, land covers and surface temperatures, the algorithm is applicable and stable. Its accuracy for temperature is 0―1.5 K, and that for emissivity is 0―0.015. Compared with current TES algorithms, our method has clear physical meaning, is easy to be implemented, and is applicable for a wide temperature range and surface types. The results are not influenced by the directional characteristic of emissivity. Because ICADS TES does not need the support of a priori information of surface types, it is also not influenced by the accuracy of classification and the problem of mixture pixels. Compared with our former TES algorithm based on corrected Alpha difference spectra (CADS TES), the new algorithm takes the effect of downwelling atmospheric radiation into account. When the quantity of atmosphere radiation can be estimated precisely, the performance of ICADS TES is much better.     

由TES反演的大气水汽中δD的时空分布特征

水汽在大气中的输送具有空间上和时间上的连续性.利用水汽同位素可以更全面地分析水汽的来源、路径、水循环中各分量的再分配和补给形式,更深入地了解水循环中各种空间和时间尺度下水汽的连续变化特征和历史.本研究利用对流层发射光谱仪(TES)反演的825-100 hPa层间7个等压面上HDO和H2O数据分析了对流层不同层次大气水汽中δD的时空分布规律以及水汽中δD与大气湿度、大气温度的关系,探讨了水汽同位素与降水同位素的关系以及大尺度水循环过程对水汽同位素的可能影响.结果显示,在空间分布上,对流层大气中水汽δD具有非常明显的带状分布,水汽中δD的分布与可降水量的分布存在很好的对应关系;水汽中δD随垂直气压呈对数型递减,平均递减率由赤道向高纬度减小、陆地向海洋减小.在时间变化上,大气水汽中δD的季节变化存在地域性差别.在中低纬度陆地,水汽中δD的季节变化明显,且与可降水量的季节变化相对应;在中高纬度的许多地区,夏季水汽中δD小于冬季.对流层水汽中δD的空间分布和季节变化具有一致性特点,上对流层和下平流层间水汽中δD的空间分布和季节性变化特点与对流层相反.对流层大气水汽中的δD与层间平均温度和可降水量的相关关系具有相似的分布形势.与降水中的稳定同位素相比,水汽中的稳定同位素在空间分布、季节变化、与温度和湿度的关系上存在某些差异,反映二者在受稳定同位素分馏的影响和水循环中大气环流类型的影响方面存在明显差别.     

Observations of the north polar water ice annulus on Mars using THEMIS and TES

The Martian seasonal CO₂ ice caps advance and retreat each year. In the spring, as the CO₂ cap gradually retreats, it leaves behind an extensive defrosting zone from the solid CO₂ cap to the location where all CO₂ frost has sublimated. We have been studying this phenomenon in the north polar region using data from the THermal EMission Imaging System (THEMIS), a visible and infra-red (IR) camera on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft, and the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on Mars Global Surveyor. Recently, we discovered that some THEMIS images of the CO₂ defrosting zone contain evidence for a distinct defrosting phenomenon: some areas just south of the CO₂ cap edge are too bright in visible wavelengths to be defrosted terrain, but too warm in the IR to be CO₂ ice. We hypothesize that we are seeing evidence for a seasonal annulus of water ice (frost) that recedes with the seasonal CO₂ cap, as predicted by previous workers. In this paper, we describe our observations with THEMIS and compare them to simultaneous observations by TES and OMEGA. All three instruments find that this phenomenon is distinct from the CO₂ cap and most likely composed of water ice. We also find strong evidence that the annulus widens as it recedes. Finally, we show that this annulus can be detected in the raw THEMIS data as it is collected, enabling future long-term onboard monitoring.     

热红外遥感火星矿物填图方法初步研究及应用

利用热辐射光谱仪（TES）数据,对火星进行热红外遥感矿物填图。通过对几种典型填图方法的简要介绍,结合火星环境及方法的使用条件,对填图结果进行简单比较,初步分析了填图方法的差异性,为火星矿物填图的进一步研究提供了基础,并为方法和模型的进一步改进提供了依据。     

TES和程控电话的使用与维护

介绍了卫星数字电话网络系统（ＴＥＳ）的功能、指示器及其ＬＥＤ代码解析。介绍了程控交换机（ＨＪＤ－８０型）的功能,故障的处理及系统的诊断测试内容和维护方法。