中国区域MuSyQ叶面积指数产品验证与分析

对多源遥感数据协同生产的2010年—2015年中国区域1 km空间分辨率5天合成的MuSyQ（Multi-source data Synergized Quantitative remote sensing production system）叶面积指数LAI产品进行验证。参考现有的LAI产品（MODIS c5，GLASS LAI）和中国生态系统研究网络部分农田和森林站点可用的LAI地面测量数据，从时空连续性、时空一致性、精度和准确性等方面对中国区域的MuSyQ LAI产品进行定性和定量分析与评价。结果表明：（1） MuSyQ LAI产品在保证精度优于MODIS产品的情况下，时间分辨率和时空连续性均有提高。MuSyQ LAI与其他LAI产品（MODIS c5，GLASS LAI）在整体上有很好的一致性（RMSE=1.0，RMSE=0.81），但对常绿阔叶林高值处的描述不稳定；（2） 与LAI地面测量数据相比，MuSyQ LAI产品与地面参考图对比结果较好（最高相关性（R²=0.54）和较低总体误差（RMSE=0.96）），其在阔叶作物生长季高值处有些许低估且在某些阔叶林站点有些高估。整体上，MuSyQ LAI产品呈现出较高的精度，可靠的空间分布和连续稳定的时间分布，且对森林LAI的描述具有更可靠的动态范围。     

Integrating ASTER and GLASS broadband emissivity products using a multi-resolution Kalman filter

In this study, the multi-resolution Kalman filter (MKF) algorithm, which can handle multi-resolution problems with high computational efficiency, was used to blend two emissivity products: the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) (BBE) product and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) narrowband emissivity (NBE) product. The ASTER NBE product was first converted into a BBE product. A new detrending method was used to transfer the BBEs into a process suitable for the MKF. The new detrending method was superior to the two existing methods. Finally, both the de-trended GLASS and ASTER BBE products were incorporated into the MKF framework to obtain the optimal estimation at each scale. Field measurements collected in North America were used to validate the integrated BBEs. Visually, the fusion map showed good continuity, with the exception of the border areas, and the quality of the fusion map was better than that of the original maps. The validation results indicate that the MKF improved the BBE product accuracy at the coarse scale. In addition, the MKF was capable of recovering missing pixels at a finer scale.     

A New Scheme for Predicting Leaf Onset in Summer-Green Vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere

A modified thermal time model(MTM) was developed to reproduce the leaf onset for summer-green vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere. The model adopts the basic concept of a thermal time model(TM) in that leaf onset is primarily triggered by growing degree days(GDD). Based on global phenology data derived from satellite observations, a new parameterization for the critical model parameter Tb(i.e., baseline temperature for GDD calculation) has been introduced, and the spatial distribution of Tb was calculated. Simulations of leaf onset during 1982–2000 in the range 30–90°N showed a significant improvement of MTM over the standard TM model with constant Tb. The mean error and mean absolute error of the climatological simulation were 1.11 and 6.8 days, respectively, and 90% of the model error(5th and 95 th percentiles) was between-12.4 and 13.7 days.     

新疆沙漠地区地表宽波段比辐射率遥感估算

地表比辐射率是估算地表温度以及地表长波辐射的一个重要参数,为了解决遥感影像反演地表比辐射率在裸地的精度不足问题,本文在新疆沙漠地区利用2类数据：① 傅里叶变换热红外光谱仪（FTIR）数据,在2013年、2014年秋天沿2条穿越塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙漠公路测量得到25个点的地表比辐射率数据;② 与FTIR数据同时期的MODIS温度/比辐射率数据MOD11A1、MOD11B1和反射率数据MOD09GA以及反照率数据MCD3A3,利用这2类数据为数据源,估算新疆沙漠地表比辐射率。首先,重新估算了基于MODIS宽波段比辐射率（BroadBand Emissivity, BBE）方程的系数和基于GLASS（Global L And Surface Satellite）BBE方程的系数,由此获得了GLASS BBE和MODIS BBE的修正方程。其次,将修正前后的GLASS BBE与FTIR和MODIS BBE作对比,发现其精度显著提高：① 与FTIR数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE方程的决定系数R²值从0.42增加到0.95,均方根误差（RMSE）和偏差（Bias）分别减少了1和3个数量级;② 与MODIS BBE方程数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE的R²值从0.69增加到0.91,RMSE和Bias分别减少了1和2个数量级。因此,修正后的基于GLASS和MODIS的BBE方程,极大地提高了遥感影像对裸地尤其是沙漠地区地表比辐射率的反演精度。使用修正后的GLASS BBE方程反演出新疆3个沙漠地区的BBE分布特征。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠由于土地类型较为单一,其BBE值主要为0.88~0.92,而古尔班通古特沙漠以及库姆塔格沙漠受到地形、植被等的影响,BBE值稍微偏高,分别为0.89~0.95和0.89~0.94,沙漠周边稀疏植被区及其边缘地区的值范围为0.95~1.00。本文基于GLASS和MODIS的适用于新疆沙漠的BBE方程,为陆面过程的研究与模拟提供了支持。     

利用Landsat TM数据和地面观测数据验证GLASS反照率产品

Global LAnd Surface Satellite Products System(GLASS)反照率产品基于Angular Bin(AB)算法,仅使用单一观测角度的地表或大气层顶反射率数据就能较为准确地反演地表宽波段反照率,具有较高的时间分辨率,可以反映降雪、融雪、收割等状况下地表反照率的快速变化。遵循"一检两恰"的验证流程对这一反照率产品进行验证,首先使用FLUXNET站点验证数据对AB算法反演的Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)高分辨地表反照率数据进行验证,再将TM高分辨反照率聚合到GLASS像元尺度对GLASS反照率产品进行验证。挑选FLUXNET的5个站点,筛选无云条件下的TM高分辨率影像,共获得103组有效验证数据。验证结果表明,GLASS反照率产品具有较高的精度,总体误差约为0.0163,可以满足大多数应用的精度需求。     

Field validation of the GLASS land surface broadband emissivity database using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites in northern China

The land surface broadband emissivity (LSBE) is a key parameter for estimating surface radiation, and there have been many studies of the LSBE at global or local scales. However, few studies have validated the surface emissivity database with multi-point field measurement data using infrared radiometry, especially in China. In this study, we focus on the validation of the emissivity product of the global land surface satellite (GLASS) LSBE database for northern China for the period from 2006 to 2011. Specifically, we have employed an eight-day averaged, gridded emissivity product in the 8–13.5 µm spectral range produced at a spatial resolution of 1000 m from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer albedo product using a new algorithm. The GLASS LSBE database was validated over bare surfaces with field measurement data from sand samples collected at many pseudo-invariant sand dune sites located in western and northwestern China. By comparing measured emissivity for different land surface types at different sites and different times, it was shown that the results were consistent and that the accuracy of the field measurements was reliable. The results of the validation of GLASS LSBE with these field emissivity data showed very good agreement.     

Preliminary validation of GLASS-DSSR products using surface measurements collected in arid and semi-arid regions of China

Global Land Surface Satellite-downward surface shortwave radiation (GLASS-DSSR) products have been routinely produced from 2008–2010 based on an improved look-up table algorithm, which explicitly accounts for the variations of cloud optical depth, water vapor content, and elevation. In this study, we validated and assessed the accuracy of these products in arid and semiarid regions of China. Toward this goal, observation data-sets provided by the Arid and Semiarid Region Collaborative Observation Project as well as four other metrological sites were collected, chosen, and preprocessed for the final validation. Due to the possible effect of spatial collocation and the strong adjacency pixel effect in instantaneous products, we used a more sophisticated validating scheme in order to reduce the impacts from these effects as much as possible. Evidences indicate that the GLASS-DSSR products are considerably accurate over most parts of arid and semiarid regions in China, but in complex terrain areas the products might need further refinements. The R² at all sites (except Naqu) was larger than 0.8 with a root mean square error (RMSE) range of about in 90–130 W/m². Linear regression analyses suggest that GLASS-DSSR products tend to overestimate DSSR in the interval of low surface-measured values and symmetrically underestimate DSSR in the interval of high values. This systematic error may result from inappropriate assumptions about clouds and aerosol loadings over the regions in the operational algorithm.     

GLASS叶面积指数产品验证

在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)重点项目的支持下,已利用MODIS和AVHRR地表反射率数据生成了1981年—2012年的GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellite)叶面积指数(LAI)产品。本文从两个方面对GLASS LAI产品的质量进行分析和评价:(1)与现有的全球LAI产品进行比较,分析GLASS LAI产品的时空变化特征;(2)利用LAI的地面测量数据,对GLASS LAI的精度进行评价。研究结果表明:GLASS LAI与CCRS LAI在高纬度和赤道附近区域的差异较大;相对而言,GLASS LAI与MODIS(主算法反演)和CYCLOPES LAI在空间分布上具有更好的一致性;GLASS和CYCLOPES LAI的时间序列曲线连续平滑,MODIS LAI在一些区域的植被生长季节存在剧烈的跳跃;与LAI的地面测量数据进行比较,GLASS LAI产品的R2为0.76,RMSE为0.51,结果明显优于MODIS和C YCLOPES LAI产品。     

3种反演算法的地表反照率遥感产品对比分析

地表反照率对于地表能量平衡和全球气候变化具有重要的影响。近年来,地表反照率产品已经取得了较为广泛的应用,但是仍存在时间分辨率低和数据缺失等问题。本文基于均匀站点观测数据与MODIS的MCD43B3产品验证了GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellite)地表反照率产品的3种算法及其对应的反照率产品:AB1(ABD01)、AB2(ABD03)和STF(ABD06)。并分析比较了GLASS反照率初级产品到最终产品的质量提升。结果表明:最终产品ABD06与地面观测数据符合最好,RMSE为0.050,R2为0.788;同时,ABD06与MCD43B3反照率产品一致性最好,RMSE优于0.03,R2达到0.9,且ABD06有效数据最多(ABD01为4290,ABD03为3296,ABD06为5507),比较适合生产长时间序列的反照率产品。大量数据的统计结果还表明:3种GLASS产品80%以上的数据与地面观测数据的偏差均能满足气候模式对反照率的精度要求(0.02—0.05)。