Observations And Modelling Of The On-Ice And Off-Ice Air Flow Over The Northern Baltic Sea

Two cases of on-ice and off-ice air flow characterizing the opposite weather situations over the ice-edge zone in the northern Baltic Sea are analysed on the basis of aircraft observations, and modelled using atwo-dimensional mesoscale model. The stable boundary layer (SBL) during theon-ice flow exhibited little thermal modification, but a low-level jet (LLJ) was generated at the 250-m high top of the SBL. In the model, the LLJ was associated with inertial oscillations in space, while the baroclinicity explained the shape of the wind profile well above the SBL. Although the observed LLJ was most pronounced over the ice, the modelling suggests that it was not generated by the ice edge but by the coastline some 400 km upwind of the ice edge, where a much more drastic change in the thermal stratification and surface roughness took place. The generation, maintenance, and strength of the LLJ were very sensitive to the parameterization of turbulent mixing in the SBL. In the case of the off-ice flow, the modification of the air mass and the development of a convective boundary layer (CBL) both over the ice and open sea were reasonably well modelled. Sensitivity runs suggested that it was essential to take into account the effects of subgrid-scale leads, a forest in the archipelago (which was crossed by the air flow), and water vapour condensationinto ice crystals. The heat flux from leads was particularly important for the heatbudget of the CBL, and the observed growth of the CBL was partly due to theeffective mixing over the rough and relatively warm forest.     

Comparison of Aircraft and Ground-Based FluxMeasurements during OASIS95

Aircraft and ground-based measurements made during the1995 Australian OASIS field campaign are compared. The aircraft data were recorded during low-level flightsat 6 m above ground level and grid flights at altitudes of between 15 and 65 m, allin unstable atmospheric conditions. The low-level flights revealed an inadequate temperaturesensor response time, a correction for which was determined from subsequent work ina wind tunnel. Aircraft and ground-based measurements of mean wind speed, wind directionand air temperature agree to within 0.2 m s^-1, 4° and 0.9 °C respectively.Comparisons between aircraft and ground-based observations of the standarddeviations of vertical velocity, horizontal wind speed, air temperature and specifichumidity have slopes of 0.96, 0.97, 0.92 and 0.99 respectively but the observed scatter isroughly twice the random error expected due to the averaging length of the aircraft data andthe averaging period of the ground-based data. For the low-level flights, the ground-basedand aircraft measurements of sensible and latent heat flux show mean differences of 27 and-25 W m^-2 respectively, which reduce to 11 and -4 W m^-2 respectivelywhen analysis of aircraft data is limited to areas immediately adjacent to the fluxtowers. For the flights at 15 to 65 m above ground level, the mean differences between theground-based and aircraft measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are -22 and-1 W m^-2 respectively and these change to -1 and -7 W m^-2 respectively oncethe effect of surface heterogeneity is included. Aircraft and ground-based measurementsof net radiation agree to within 6% at one ground-based site but differ by 20% at a second.Aircraft measurements of friction velocity at 6 m above the ground agree well withground-based data, but those from flights between 15 and 65 m above ground level do not.This is because at these heights the aircraft measurements provide the local shear stress,not the surface shear stress. Overall, the level of agreement allows confidence in the aircraftdata provided due care is taken of instrument response times and differences in thesurfaces sampled by aircraft and ground-based systems.     

Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration by Combining Aircraftand Ground-Based Measurements

Two methods are examined for combining measurements from instrumented aircraftand towers to estimate regional scale evapotranspiration. Aircraft data provided spatially averaged values of properties of the surface, the evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance. These quantities are less sensitive to meteorological conditions than the turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapour themselves. The methods allowed aircraft data collected over several days to be averaged and thus to reduce the random error associated with the temporal under-sampling inherent in aircraft measurements. Evaporative fraction is estimated directly from the aircraft data, while maximum stomatal conductance is estimated by coupling the Penman–Monteith equation to a simple model relating surface conductance to the incoming shortwave radiation and specific humidity saturation deficit. The spatial averages of evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance can then be used with routine tower data to estimate the regional scale evapotranspiration. Data from aircraft flights and six ground based sites during the OASIS field campaign in south–east New South Wales in 1995 have been used to check the methods. Both the evaporative fraction and the maximum stomatal conductance derived from the aircraft data give information on the spatial variability of the surface energy budget at scales from 10 to 100 km. Daily averaged latent heat fluxes estimated using these methods for the OASIS study region agree with the available observations in quasi-stationary conditions or in weakly non-stationary conditions when the data from several aircraft flights are averaged to reduce the impact of short term imbalances in the surface energy budget.     

河南省飞机人工增雨试验方案设计

借鉴国内外已有的探测和分析研究成果，结合国内人工增雨飞机的性能，着重介绍在催化作业和探测时，开展等半径盘旋上升（或下降）垂直观测，和在特定高度上进行水平观测的方案设计及其资料收集、处理、存档的流程。为开展人工增雨作业、观测提供科学依据。     

Do stratocumulus clouds detrain? FIRE I data revisited

Analyses of aircraft observations of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer during the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE I) show the frequent presence of clear, but relatively moist, air patches near the stratocumulus cloud-top interface. A conditional sampling of measurements in these clear air patches shows that their thermodynamic properties do more resemble boundary-layer air characteristics than those of free troposphere air. From an aircraft leg through cloud tops it is demonstrated that turbulent mixing across the cloud-top interface can lead to the local dissipation of the cloud top. Analogous to the terminology used for shallow cumulus parameterizations this process can be considered as detrainment, with which we mean that after a mixing event across the cloud-top boundaries, mixed unsaturated parcels become part of the clear environment of the cloud.     

基于飞机观测资料的石家庄秋季对流层CH4垂直分布特征

为研究石家庄秋季对流层内CH₄垂直分布特征,2018年9月使用“空中国王350”飞机搭载Picarro温室气体在线观测仪和气象要素观测设备,对石家庄上空（600—5500 m）CH₄浓度进行探测。探测期间共飞行7架次,取得7条CH₄浓度廓线数据。结果表明: 石家庄上空近地面层（1000 m以下）CH₄平均浓度与同时间段区域背景站上甸子站CH₄浓度呈显著正相关（r=0.81,P < 0.03）。探测到的CH₄浓度最小值为1898×10^-9摩尔分数,最大值为2219×10^-9摩尔分数,平均浓度为1981×10^-9摩尔分数。观测得到的7条廓线均有较好的一致性,2000 m以上,浓度均随高度呈先增大后减小的趋势。利用后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）对探测时段内石家庄上空不同高度层主要气流传输路径进行统计分析表明,600 m高度输送路径较短,CH₄浓度受本地排放影响较大; 3000 m受输送作用影响较大,偏西和西南路径可能将较高CH₄浓度气团输送至石家庄上空; 5000 m气团传输对CH₄浓度影响较小,浓度相对较稳定,对传输路径的变化不敏感。     

无人机弹射起飞技术分析

针对无人机起飞安全问题,介绍了利用弹射架弹射起飞方式来提高无人机起飞安全系数,并详细阐述了弹射架种类及工作原理。     

一次积-层混合云系垂直结构和降水机制的飞机观测资料分析与数值模拟

积-层混合云是影响北京地区的重要降水云系,运用飞机探测资料结合中尺度数值模式WRF,对2014年9月23日发生在北京地区的一次积-层混合云系的垂直结构和降水机制进行了探测资料分析和数值模拟研究。通过分析云系的雷达回波演变,发现云中的对流泡没有出现爆发式增长,回波在垂直方向上增长不明显,此次过程属于积-层水平混合型云系降水。飞机探测资料分析显示,上、下午探测云系的液态水含量都不高（最大低于1 g/m3）;在云系不同高度,飞机探测到的冰晶形状主要有板状、针柱状、辐枝状和不规则状,由于云中过冷水含量相对较低,聚合冰晶的数量明显多于凇附冰晶,冰晶的聚合是云中粒子增长的主要过程。对模拟云系垂直微物理结构和降水粒子的源、汇项分析得到:高层,由凝华产生的冰晶和雪晶在过冷水含量较低的环境中不断聚并、长大并下落,云系中霰的含量很低,增大的冰晶和雪晶下落至0℃层附近融化是产生地面降水的主要机制。此外,融化层附近,雨滴捕获云滴不断长大并下降至地面也是地面降水的另一个重要来源。      

陕西飞机人工增雨效果统计检验方法研究

应用针对陕西省飞机人工增雨作业特点设计的区域回归统计方案,对2002、2003、2006年春、秋季飞机增雨分别进行效果分析,结果表明:春季11架次08?20时平均增雨量1.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量0.3 mm;秋季13架次08?20时平均增雨量3.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量1.3 mm;通过成对试验符号秩和检验,显著性水平均优于5%,表明作业效果显著;分析结果说明了统计方案的可行性。基于该区域回归统计方案开发的飞机增雨效果评估系统,实现对增雨效果的及时、客观、定量评估。     

微型无人飞机遥感影像后期处理技术方法研究

微型无人飞机遥感对于影像的采集具有低成本、高精度、快速度的特点,但是获取的数码图像畸变很大不能直接使用。以吐鲁番市葡萄沟景区、和布克赛尔县景区和克拉玛依市化学工业园区的航拍影像为研究对象,对造成误差的各种因素进行分析,归纳总结出引起影像几何变形的因素主要可以分为有规律的系统性因素和无规律的非系统性因素,并针对这些因素提出畸变纠正和"二级校正"的思路和方法。通过实际应用,表明这种影像的后期处理方法和流程是有效可行的,可为资源调查和灾害应急调查提供有力的技术方法和数据支撑。