ON THE LAYER-ZONE OF ALPINE MEADOW ON THEQINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

RuleofzonalityisoneofthedassicaltheonesinGeOgraphy.Thedifferentiationofzonalityfromaz0nalityindicatesthedevel0pmentofpeople'Scoguhveabilitiestonaturallaw.Longitudinal,latitudinalandaltitudinalzonalitiesbelongt0idealconcePts,however,theywerefavorablet0theformationoftheconcePtofthIeedimensi0nalzonality.UPt0n0wtherehavebeenmanydifferentideasonzonality.ForexamPle,inanarr0wsense,zonality0ulyreferst0thelatitudinalzonality,namely,thequatityofheatorairtemPeraturegraduallyChangs,whichresultsinthezo…     

The relationship between formation structure and thickness in the Permo-Triassic succession of the Southern Coalfield, Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia

Using trend-surface analysis, the patterns of formation structure and thickness variation in the Permo-Triassic succession of the Southern Coalfield, Sydney Basin, are resolved into geologically meaningful large- and small-scale features. The structural trends correspond to the regional syncline of the southern Sydney Basin and the negative and positive residual domains to smaller-scale structures including the South Bulli and Douglas Park Synclines and the Bulli and Kemira Anticlines. The results of trend-surface analysis and simple linear regression reveal an inverse relationship between structural elevation (relative to sea level) and formation thickness on both a regional and a local scale. This relationship is strongest for the Bulli Coal and the Bald Hill Claystone. In the case of the Bulli Coal, the present-day structural trends and formation thickness trends show a strong inverse correlation and the residuals show a moderate inverse correlation; the correlations between the inferred Middle Triassic structure of the Bulli Coal and formation thickness are even stronger than those involving the present-day structure. These results indicate that structures which were active during the Permo-Triassic and which influenced sedimentation have been preserved in the present-day structure. The persistence of the patterns of structure and thickness variation upward through the Permo-Triassic sequence suggests that sedimentation was controlled by contemporaneous basement subsidence, rather than by short-lived compaction-induced subsidence patterns.     

多重分形方法在铀矿化探数据处理中的应用

化探勘查数据的分布规律十分复杂,具有多重分形的特征,可用分形理论研究符合化探数据的分布规律。针对不同类型铀矿床的化探特征,选取分形理论中的部分方法进行研究并与传统方法对比。用含量-面积法处理某碳硅泥岩型铀矿区的水系沉积物数据,可以缩小异常区范围而且不遗漏矿点,减少勘查工作量;用分形趋势面法处理某砂岩型铀矿区的活性炭测氡数据,能够有效地强化弱异常信息,提升找矿效果。     

A History of Regression and Related Model-Fitting in the Earth Sciences (1636?-2000)

The (statistical) modeling of the behavior of a dependent variate as a function of one or more predictors provides examples of model-fitting which span the development of the earth sciences from the 17th Century to the present. The historical development of these methods and their subsequent application is reviewed. Bond's predictions (c. 1636 and 1668) of change in the magnetic declination at London may be the earliest attempt to fit such models to geophysical data. Following publication of Newton's theory of gravitation in 1726, analysis of data on the length of a 1° meridian arc, and the length of a pendulum beating seconds, as a function of sin²(latitude), was used to determine the ellipticity of the oblate spheroid defining the Figure of the Earth. The pioneering computational methods of Mayer in 1750, Boscovich in 1755, and Lambert in 1765, and the subsequent independent discoveries of the principle of least squares by Gauss in 1799, Legendre in 1805, and Adrain in 1808, and its later substantiation on the basis of probability theory by Gauss in 1809 were all applied to the analysis of such geodetic and geophysical data. Notable later applications include: the geomagnetic survey of Ireland by Lloyd, Sabine, and Ross in 1836, Gauss's model of the terrestrial magnetic field in 1838, and Airy's 1845 analysis of the residuals from a fit to pendulum lengths, from which he recognized the anomalous character of measurements of gravitational force which had been made on islands. In the early 20th Century applications to geological topics proliferated, but the computational burden effectively held back applications of multivariate analysis. Following World War II, the arrival of digital computers in universities in the 1950s facilitated computation, and fitting linear or polynomial models as a function of geographic coordinates, trend surface analysis, became popular during the 1950–60s. The inception of geostatistics in France at this time by Matheron had its roots in meeting the evident need for improved estimators in spatial interpolation. Technical advances in regression analysis during the 1970s embraced the development of regression diagnostics and consequent attention to outliers; the recognition of problems caused by correlated predictors, and the subsequent introduction of ridge regression to overcome them; and techniques for fitting errors-in-variables and mixture models. Improvements in computational power have enabled ever more computer-intensive methods to be applied. These include algorithms which are robust in the presence of outliers, for example Rousseeuw's 1984 Least Median Squares; nonparametric smoothing methods, such as kernel-functions, splines and Cleveland's 1979 LOcally WEighted Scatterplot Smoother (LOWESS); and the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) technique of Breiman and others in 1984. Despite a continuing improvement in the rate of technology-transfer from the statistical to the earth-science community, despite an abrupt drop to a time-lag of about 10 years following the introduction of digital computers, these more recent developments are only just beginning to penetrate beyond the research community of earth scientists. Examples of applications to problem-solving in the earth sciences are given.     

青藏高原高寒草甸层带

高寒草甸是高原上适合高寒草甸形成的气候层带在其下垫面上“投影”的产物 .在垂直带中 ,高寒草甸分布的上下限是上述气候层带上下限的指示 .高寒草甸下限分布趋势面与高原基面趋势面相交的闭合曲线区是高寒草甸在高原上水平分布的范围     

三维趋势分析的图形显示

三维趋势分析是地质学中一种有用的数学工具,但是空间分布的计算结果造成了分析上的困难。三维趋势分析的图形显示则弥补了这一方面的不足。本文提出了三维图形显示的原理和方法,并用 FORTRAN 语言编制了图形显示的程序。所得的图形具有充分的立体感。用户可由各种不同的角度显示结果,并可通过切片方法看到地质体内部的函数值变化。     

小波勒山地区1颐5 万地球化学数据处理与异常评价

以小波勒山地区1:5万水系沉积物数据为对象,利用相关分析和R型聚类分析确定研究区成矿元素组合为Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi(铅多金属成矿组合)和Mo-W-Sn(钼多金属成矿组合),以线性方法构置组合变量F1(Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi)、F2(Mo-W-Sn),组合变量中的各元素权重根据该元素对主成矿元素的相关性强度来确定;运用趋势面分析方法圈定研究区两个组合变量的异常图.结果显示,根据组合变量所圈定的综合异常与研究区已知矿化地段重合性很强.结合成矿地质条件对所圈定异常进行评价.确定出具Ⅰ级找矿潜力异常区3个,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级找矿潜力异常区各2个,为研究区下一步找矿方向的确定提供了科学的依据.     

淮南潘三矿区13-1#煤层空间分布特征及稳定性研究

根据钻孔资料和矿井生产资料,对研究区二叠系 13-1#煤层空间分布特征进行趋势面分析,并通过方向变化性来研究煤层的稳定性状况。结果表明:煤层底板具东北部高,西南部低;煤层厚度由东北向西南逐渐变厚,厚薄条带沿倾向相间分布;煤层稳定性由北向南逐渐趋于稳定,综采适宜性程度提高。