Virtual vegetables and adopted sheep: ethical relation, authenticity and Internet-mediated food production technologies

Associating ideas related to cultural geographies of 'quality' food production and consumption with recent discussion of Internet technologies, virtuality and simulation, this paper examines two newly constituted Internet enterprises offering customers 'virtual' experiences of food production, and 'quality' food products in which they have invested. The paper shows how these enterprises are associated with particular types of geographical and ethical relation, and a search for 'authentic', connected, relationships with food, farming, locality and 'nature'. These relationships are constituted in an assemblage of things held together by flows of food, products, money and electronic communication. The paper ends by suggesting a number of theoretical ideas that might usefully be explored in empirical research into Internet-mediated food production.     

旅游地传统饮食文化原真性感知对满意度与行为意向的影响——以宏村臭鳜鱼为例

在区分地方饮食与传统饮食概念的基础上,选择宏村传统饮食臭鳜鱼作为研究对象,通过对就餐环境、服务、食物3个原真性维度和满意度与行为意向2个维度,构建Amos结构方程模型,探究游客对传统饮食文化的原真性感知及其对旅游地就餐满意度和行为意向的影响。结果显示,3个维度的原真性均对满意度呈显著、直接、正向影响,对行为意向呈显著、间接、正向影响;其中,环境原真性对就餐满意度影响最大,其次为服务原真性,最后为食物原真性。研究认为,即使体验对象是与原真性关联紧密的传统饮食,大众游客仍更关注整体就餐环境和服务氛围,食物本身对满意度的影响最低。游客需求引发传统饮食文化舞台化重塑,并呈现“去传统化”与“去地方化”特征,旅游地饮食文化塑造对环境的关注大于食物,但当地居民更加关注食物本身的口味,主客关注差异和食物生产过程的游客需求导向引发当地居民对舞台化饮食的认同度降低。未来旅游地要充分考虑传统饮食的特殊性,重塑让游客与本地居民更加满意的饮食文化。     

Ecotourism and mass tourism in Southern Thailand: Spatial interdependence,structural connections,and staged authenticity

The desire to spend leisure time in natural settings represents a key factor behind the recent and rapid growth of ecotourism. A search by ecotourists for remote landscapes and locations has shaped the way in which geographers have defined ecotourism, but few scholars have explored, in detail, the mechanics of the spatial relationship between ecotourism and mass tourism, two forms of travel usually considered mutually exclusive in spatial terms. Using the island of Phuket — southern Thailands premier resort destination — as a case study, this paper investigates the spatial overlaps and connections between ecotourism and mass tourism and tests the assumption that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist spatially apart in order for the former to succeed. Despite Phukets association with mass tourism, and the small physical distances between built-up mass tourist areas and natural ecotourism settings, the communicative staging of natural authenticity allows ecotourism companies to convey geographical remoteness to tourists. Although ecotourism in Phuket must struggle constantly to overcome the perceptual impact of spatial proximity to resort locations, the tourist markets and business networks of the existing mass tourism industry remain crucial to the survival of ecotourism in this region. Thus, contrary to conventional notions that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist as separate entities, this paper argues that an interconnected, symbiotic, and spatially-contiguous relationship between the two is necessary in the case of Phuket.     

存在本真性视角下寻求本真自我的旅游动机分析框架

国内旅游的个性化趋势越来越明显,旅游产品的策划和营销更加依赖于对个人旅游动机的分析。目前存在本真性理论在国外旅游研究领域受到了关注,该理论对于分析个人旅游动机具有潜力。在全面介绍存在本真性理论发展脉落和进展的基础上,分析了该理论在解释旅游动机方面已经取得的进展和存在的不足。通过文献综述,本文认为存在本真性概念通过与疏离、焦虑等概念有机结合,在综合概念层面上形成一种独特的旅游功能和旅游动机的解释机制。但仅从存在主义和心理学视角展开的存在本真性概念,忽略了不同情境下环境资源对疏离、焦虑及本真自我的影响,从而使现有的存在本真性理论无法进一步深入到细分市场下的旅游动机分析层面。本文尝试将环境、资源和可能性对自我实现的意义纳入到相关概念的分析框架之中,在此基础上重新解构本真自我的概念,分析其基本类型和实现的条件,并在日常生活工作环境与非惯常的旅游环境中对接疏离、焦虑的基本类型,探讨旅游对于促进本真自我的功用,最终建构了一种能够用来指导个性化旅游产品策划和市场营销的旅游动机分析框架。     

MAINTAINING AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY AT CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES

To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site, properties must meet the conditions of “integrity” and/or “authenticity” and be of “outstanding universal value.” Identifying and maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural heritage sites are challenging goals, however. The concepts are difficult to define and are open to different interpretations in different cultural settings. Additionally, the diversity of sites and wide variety of influences on them require individualized approaches to preservation in many cases. Nonetheless, authenticity and integrity are useful guiding concepts in striving for a systematic approach to preservation in diverse contexts. In this article we discuss preservation approaches that are appropriate at a range of sites, paying particular attention to the tensions that arise when balancing the need to maintain authenticity and integrity with the needs of the people who live in or visit these sites.     

Contested and congested spaces: Exploring authenticity in New Zealand farmers' markets

This paper considers issues of authenticity as they apply to the evolution of farmers' markets in New Zealand. Following a discussion of the nature of authenticity and its deployment by farmers' market organisations in several jurisdictions, a two‐part case study is presented. An analysis of the strategies adopted by Farmers' Markets New Zealand to ‘protect its brand’ nationally and an examination of the disputation of authenticity in the Marlborough Farmers' Market reveals the potential of the ‘authenticity project’ to be a lightning rod for heightened tension and the fracturing of the relationship between competing interests in New Zealand farmers' markets.     

后现代旅游背景下古镇旅游的真实性创造——以云南省楚雄州彝人古镇为例

近代旅游业经过了半个多世纪的发展历程,到20世纪70年代后期,以休闲与文化等精神性旅游需求为特征的旅游者不断涌现,传统旅游资源难以满足现代旅游者的需求,以彝人古镇为例,模仿式旅游资源随之应运而生。尽管学者们对旅游古镇的研究已经司空见惯,不论研究内容,还是研究视角,都具有多样性,但是,模仿式古镇已经超出了传统资源的地域性和文化原真性范畴,从真实性视角对模仿式古镇进行研究成了一个新颖而深刻的问题;彝人古镇是模仿式的、没有原生文化系统的、却以彝族文化为依托的创造性景观,尽管不是真实的传统古镇,却给游客真实的旅游体验,受到旅游者的青睐,可见,真实性是可以创造的,但只有遵循传统文化内涵的创造,才能更好地发挥旅游活动中的文化传播作用。     

陕西袁家村跨地方的乡村性生产与呈现

以陕西袁家村“进城开店”这一典型跨地方扩张发展案例为研究对象,基于对袁家村关中印象体验店内日常生活的参与式观察和对店铺经营者、消费者、管理人员的深度访谈,探究在城市化和现代化转型过程中袁家村乡村性的建构和演变。研究发现：① 袁家村的乡村性嵌在乡村的发展过程中,并呈现历时性变化,也即乡村性并非是固化的结果,而是动态演变的过程;② 袁家村跨地方生产过程是乡村发展升级助推下,乡村物质、人、制度等因素超越地域边界的流动过程,此过程也是乡村与城市之间亲缘、业缘、地缘多重关系的整合;③ 袁家村跨地方的过程以饮食生产扩大呈现了袁家村的乡村性,具体包括乡村生活、乡村生产和乡村社会关系等内容,而乡村性在城市空间成功延续依靠权力和资本的扩张、标准化生产的转移和符号化空间的营造实现;④ 乡村性是社会建构的,强调不同群体对乡村的意义创造。袁家村“进城开店”超越了乡村地域边界,却与农业、土地、村集体呈现更深刻的强关联,有力回击了“村落的终结”“乡村性终结”等论断。研究认为,从多元、动态、融合的视角理解乡村性,有助于在复杂的乡村振兴发展过程中把握更原真的乡村性,为乡村的理论研究和现实探索提供新思考。     

乡村游客真实性体验模型研究

关于乡村旅游体验的研究,多以“乡村性”为主题,鲜有基于“真实性”视角的深入探讨。文章基于真实性视角,采用混合研究方法,构建乡村游客真实性体验模型,并进行验证。首先,通过质化研究,构建出“真境”“真情”“真智” “真我”4个维度的概念模型;其次,采用量化研究,验证了“真境”“真情”“真智”“真我”4个维度的合理性,4个维度存在中等程度的关联性,进一步验证表明,4个维度可以收敛在二阶变量“真实性体验”上。乡村游客真实性体验模型既拓展了真实性理论的应用范围,又进一步发展了真实性理论的内涵,为指导乡村旅游实践提供了理论基础。同时,真实性也是乡村游客深层动机的核心元素之一,即可作为乡村性的一个维度,也可独立应用于乡村旅游研究之中。     

居民对遵义红色旅游商业街中书法景观的认同度研究

文化地理学作为人文地理学的重要分支, 是学者们广泛关注的热点, 但鲜有研究涉及居民对文化景观的感知和认同问题。本文选取了中国传统文化代表--书法景观为研究切入点, 根据地方感理论构建了假设模型, 提出了17 个假设影响路径。根据遵义会议会址景区及周围红色旅游商业街中书法景观的居民感知调查数据, 构建了居民书法景观感知的结构方程模型。分析结果验证了居民感知态度与文化认同的递进性, 拒绝了部分研究假设。同时, 在书法景观功能感知的5 个维度:经济获益、环境审美、场所识别、景观原真性和行为导向中, 经济获益和景观原真性是居民文化认同的决定性因素。研究结果体现了原真性元素在城市文化景观中的核心地位, 验证文化景观对城市经济建设不可或缺的推动作用, 对城市文化景观保护和规划管理具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。