西藏沙漠化典型分布区沙漠化过程中的生物生产力和物种多样性变化

阿里地区狮泉河谷、日喀则江当河谷阶地和安多错那湖东侧是西藏自治区沙漠化土地分布比较集中的3个典型区,并代表了西藏高原3个不同的生物气候带。为确定沙漠化对植被生产力和物种多样性的影响,选择这3个典型区内代表沙漠化发展过程的不同地貌类型为调查样地。结果表明:沙漠化造成3个典型区植被盖度显著降低,尤其从潜在沙漠化土地到固定沙丘或半固定沙丘,植被盖度下降幅度最大;3个典型区的现存生物量同样随着沙漠化过程显著降低。同时,沙漠化造成狮泉河谷和江当河谷阶地多年生灌木物种消失,流动沙丘仅有少数一年生植物分布;沙漠化造成原有物种的数量和分布发生变化,尤其在固定沙丘逐渐活化,形成流动沙丘的过程中,丰富度指数显著下降。3个典型区的Shannon-Wiener指数在沙漠化前期和后期表现不同,但从固定沙丘至半流动沙丘均为显著性下降趋势。总体而言,从潜在沙漠化土地到流动沙丘,Shannon-Wiener指数显著降低。     

海洋生物气溶胶增加可能导致晚新生代全球变冷的模型计算

整合海洋碳、锶、锇同位素记录的地球化学元素循环模型表明,晚新生代大陆化学风化通量随着全球物理侵蚀的增强而升高,促使更多的营养元素磷输入到海洋中,引起海洋生物生产力的爆发,而浮游生物产生大量的二甲基硫最终导致海洋上空的大气气溶胶浓度急剧上升。气溶胶浓度增加一方面会增加云的覆盖率和反射率,据初步估计,该效应导致距今7 Ma 内地表接收的太阳能减少了16.5 Wm-2,相当于全球平衡温度降低13 ℃;另一方面会抑止云层的降水效能,有利于水汽向高纬地区传输并形成降雪,最终促进两极冰盖生长,从而驱动新生代晚期全球性的气候变冷。     

Functionally assessing the sustainability of regional ecosystem services: a case study of Hohhot City

"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital" by R.Costanza et al.in 1997 is generally regarded as a monument to the research of valuing ecosystem services.However,the classification of ecosystem services,the method of various services summation,and the purpose for static global value had many criticisms.Based on a summary of these criticisms and suggestions,further study direction—on the sustainability of ecosystem services—is presented.The two basis indicators in ecology—productivity and biodiversity,respectively characterize the ability of producing and self-organizing—not only represent the internal function of ecosystem,but also can be proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life.Theoretically,the two indicators combined could physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services based on the traditional procedure of Costanza's.The case study of Hohhot City in 1995-2005 shows that the new model reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scale,and the functionally adjusted assessment shows the sustainability of Hohhot City became gradually stronger during the study decade.But due to the enormous value per unit of water ecosystem,the minimal loss of water area leads to the final result being opposite to the processing analysis,which gives a clue to the further experimental testing research.