The water level simulation for crane habitat optimization in Xianghai Nature Reserve

The probability of crane living in reedy wetlands can reach 100%, at the same time, the area of reed, the water level and adjacent water area are main factors which control the crane's habitat selection. We all know that all these factors are spatially heterogeneous. For the Xianghai wetland safety and to protect the Xianghai wetland habitat of crane, this paper has mainly identified a solution to these problems. The wetland information is extracted from the TM images, which reflect the whole wetland landscape and are very important for both quantitative analysis of remote sensing observation of the earth system and positioning analysis in GIS database that is automatically extracted from DEM. The DEM for Xianghai characteristics of topography is created. On the basis of the GRID SUBMODULE, applying the GIS spatial overlay analysis, the relationship between the water level and the reed area below the water level and the rating distribution maps of reed area above water level is established. When the water level reaches the altitude of 165 m, the reed area, 981.2 ha is maximum, i.e., the water level of 165 m is the optimal.     

向海湿地自然保护区鸟类多样性评价方法的比较研究

鸟类多样性是评价湿地生态环境质量极其敏感的指标。向海湿地自然保护区地处半干旱区,受气候和人为影响,生态环境变化极为剧烈,因此,寻求一种行之有效且简单易行的鸟类多样性评价手段,对于及时了解湿地生态环境质量的动态变化信息,提出湿地和鸟类多样性的管理和保护对策至关重要。稀疏标准化法是一种建立在物种-面积关系上的生物多样性评价方法,主要用于区域尺度上的生物多样性评估。运用改进的稀疏标准化程序,利用多年调查和收集的鸟类数据,来评价和分析向海自然保护区鸟类多样性及其变化,结合香农-威纳多样性指数和均匀度指数,分析了两种方法获取结果的相关性。评估结果表明:稀疏标准化法获取的鸟类多样性和均匀度信息与传统的香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数间具有显著的相关关系,可以用于鸟类的多样性和均匀度评价,且具有科学、直观、运算简捷、快速等优势。     

吉林向海沼泽湿地典型剖面沉积及年代序列重建

沼泽湿地发育过程中堆积的各类沉积物真实地记录下区域环境演变与沼泽湿地发育过程。本文以无尾河下游漫流区——向海沼泽湿地为研究对象,对其典型沉积剖面结构、沉积物容重、年龄指标、沉积速率等多项沉积记录进行了综合剖析。结果表明：沼泽沉积物的层序关系可以揭示沼泽的形成途径及环境变化;溪边沼泽接受更多的矿质沉积物;1880-1885年该区域出现河道变迁的痕迹;向海沼泽湿地沉积速率与典型的河口三角洲类似,体现了河口尾端湿地的特点;近50年来,向海沼泽湿地沉积速率急剧上升,其原因可能与解放后该流域人类活动增强、植被破坏、水土流失严重有关,在时间上,与流域上游大型露天煤矿开采时段有较好的耦合性。     

向海湿地沉积芯重金属对流域环境污染示踪

选取霍林河下游向海沼泽湿地为研究对象，采用得力沉积芯采样钻钻孔采样与剖面切割采样相结合的方法，采集了10个沉积柱芯及剖面，以沉积物重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、Fe、Mn及pH、TOC在剖面中的分布进行高分辨率研究。结晶显示，剖面上部沉积物表层沉积序列内明显富集了Fe、Mn、Zn等重金属，并与TOC含量呈显著相关，与此相反，大多数沉积柱芯下层的重金属含量相对较低。研究表明，高分辨率取样易找出元素间相关性，那些水源来自同一相对稳定外源输入的沉积柱芯中的重金属与TOC表现出更显著的相关性，越靠近河流、淹没频率直蒿，沼泽湿地表层沉积物中重金属元素含量趋向增高。     

向海湿地沉积剖面化学元素相对迁移特征分析

旨于探索沉积剖面元素迁移强度的描述方法,讨论向海沼泽湿地沉积物化学元素的迁移积聚等基本地球化学特征,以深化对沼泽湿地沉积化学行为的某些认识。冬季在向海两处沼泽采集了代表一定范围汇水区与人类活动影响的沉积芯。利用Tessier等(1979)提出的连续提取法对沉积物中多种常量与微量元素地球化学相进行分离。可迁移系数、潜在迁移系数、非迁移系数的计算结果表明,在向海沼泽沉积剖面中,化学元素相对迁移强度为:Ca、Sr、Mn、Pb潜在活性最大,Ti、Al、K、Rb潜在活性最小,以此为依据,Ti、Al、K、Rb等元素适宜作为示踪元素。为消除沉积物构成组织的影响,以Al为参考元素对重金属元素形态两种分量进行归一化后,重金属环境非迁移分量与相对迁移分量均表现出在表层的富集,尤其表现在上游霍林河煤矿开发后20余年这一时期,人类活动的介入加速了重金属元素通过河流搬运向下游湿地的输入。     

向海自然保护区鹤类生境优化水位的模拟

芦苇面积,苇下水位变动和邻近水域大小等是影响鹤类生境选择的重要因子,通过建立向海地区的数字高程模型 (DEM),将其与从遥感影像上获取的向海湿地景观信息在ARC/INFO模块下进行空间叠加分析,建立了水位与芦苇分布的动态关系。通过模拟得出：当湿地水位达到165 m时,鹤类可选择的生境面积最大,为981.2hm²。此外,本文还模拟了不同水位以上芦苇面积的等级分布规律。该模拟结果对于向海自然保护区鹤类生境的优化管理及主要供水源向海水库的科学管理具有重要的参考价值。     

向海湿地景观格局变化及其原因分析

以5km为环间距,将向海湿地分割为5个同心圆。选用1980年和2000年遥感影像为基本信息源,在ARC/INFO、ERDAS8.5和FRAGSTATS3.3软件的支持下,对景观指数:斑块密度、平均斑块面积、景观多样性指数和分维数进行分析。结果表明,自20世纪80年以来,向海湿地面积萎缩、斑块破碎化。人类活动强度和自然因子变化幅度的分析表明,湿地变化是人为因子和自然因子共振迭加的结果。要保护湿地,必须控制人类对向海湿地的干扰。     

沼泽湿地重金属元素输入的历史变化

本研究主要目的是判断是否能够通过无尾河下游湿地沉积记录重建重金属输入历史.冬季在向海两处沼泽采集了代表一定范围汇水区与人类活动影响的沉积芯.沉积芯由137Cs、210Pb法定年,由原子吸收光谱法测定重金属,并根据沉积速率和重金属含量计算重金属沉积通量.通过对向海沼泽湿地沉积柱样的重金属元素沉积通量研究,揭示了该沼泽近百年来,特别是近20年来重金属污染物的沉积特征与变化.污染物的沉积通量较沉积物含量更能记录污染历史变化:1980年以后,Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cr和Pb等的人类活动影响产生的输入量已超过自然输入量(1.20～3.67),表明近年来流域内人类扰动的增强;Zn(13.3～14.8)和Pb(11.7～15.2)较高的标准偏差指示其受河流沉积影响而历史变率较大.向海沼泽湿地重金属污染物可分为3个沉积历史阶段,其与流域土地开垦和大型露天煤矿的开发历程具有较好的对应关系.     

向海自然保护区鹤类生境优化水位的模拟

The probaility of crane living in reedy wetlands can reach 100%, at the same time,the area of reed ,the water level and adjacent water area are main factors which control the crane‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s habitat selection.We all know that all these factors are spatially heterogeneous.For the Xianghai wetland safety and to protect the Xianghai wetland habitat of crane,this paper has mainly identified a solution to these problems.The wetland in formation is extracted from the TM images,which reflect the whole wetland landscape and are very important for both quantitative analysis of remote sensing observation of the earth system and positioning analysis in GIS database that is automatically extracted from DEM.The DEM for Xianghai characteristics of topography is created.On the basis of the GRID SUBMODULE,applying the GIS spatial overlay analysis,the relationship between the water level and the reed area below the water level and the rating distribution maps of reed area above water level is established ,When the water level reaches the altitude of 165 n ,the reed area,981.2 ha is maximum,i.e., the water level of 165 m is the optimal.     

Geochemical data as indicators of environmental change and human impact in sediments derived from downstream marshes of an ephemeral river,Northeast China

Recent sedimentary history of natural environmental change and anthropogenic influence in an ephemeral river catchment has been reconstructed using selected major and trace elements, element ratios, and their different geochemical phases (Tessier sequential extraction methods), pollen, and grain size combined with ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dating method in marsh sedimentary cores. Attempts were made to use selected element ratios with different geochemical phases—residual phase of Ti, Al, V, Cr, Ni, Rb, K, Sr, and Ba; mobile Sr and Ba—combined with ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-chronology to interpret certain time information of environmental changes saved within the marsh sediments. Results indicate that there were two marked humid periods during 1850–1860 ad and 1890–1920 ad, and sand storm activities prevailed during 1920–1930 ad. After about 1900 ad, soil erosion has increased with the extensive agricultural activities in the Huolin River catchments, and further intensified after 1950s. After 1980, soil erosion has become even more intense, which is consistent with the reinforcement of human activities, the drastic loss of vegetation cover in the upstream lands, especially, the exploitation of the open cast coalmine in the upstream of Huolin River at that time. Influenced by the inundation of the Huolin River, the heavy metal pollution historical trends in Xianghai marsh wetland could be roughly divided into three periods by analysis of sediment enrichment factor (K_SEF) and the index of geoaccumulation (I _geo):1760–1880 ad, 1880–1980 ad, and 1980–now. Human activities accelerate the inputs of heavy metal, which leads to degradation of the marsh. This study also investigated on source of marsh sediments (by Ti/Al), redox condition [by V/Cr and V/(V + Ni)], and salinization indicators (by Sr/Ba and Rb/K). The results demonstrate that sources of sediments and redox conditions were partly similar for both riparian and depressional marshes. Besides, some differences in degree of salinization between two types of marsh were also identified, especially after 1880.