旱作春小麦蒸散量测算方法的比较

采用波文比—能量平衡法和蒸渗计对农田蒸散量进行了为期3a的对比观测试验。结果表明，在半干旱雨养农业区，两者测算的农田蒸散量平均偏差为20％，波文比—能量平衡法计算值大于蒸渗计实测值，基本满足精度要求；无感热平流时两种方法所得蒸散量相关性较有感热平流时的好；在平流逆温状态下采用波文比—能量平衡法的计算误差大于非平流状态下的计算误差；由于蒸渗计隔断了与周围农田的水热交换，导致了蒸渗计测量的蒸散量较采用波文比—能量平衡法的计算值偏低，其偏差大小需要进一步试验确定。     

季节性冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料处理探讨

本文针对地中蒸渗计在冻结-冻融期存在的问题,利用实验站冻土及土壤水分势能资料,探索了冻土层的发育及其水分运移规律,通过对亚砂土不同埋深及不同年度的地中蒸渗计资料处理,得出冻结期和冻融期地中蒸渗计资料的处理方法及其埋深临界值。这对准确利用冻结-冻融期地中蒸渗计资料具有重要的指导意义。     

奈曼沙地春小麦蒸散量及其分析

运用波文比-能量平衡法和大型蒸渗仪对沙地春小麦的蒸散量进行了连续的测定和估算,并对由于降雨和灌溉所引起的土壤有效水分变化与沙地春小麦蒸散量之间的相关关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明:①春小麦蒸散量在降水或灌溉后1~2 d最大,然后逐渐下降,说明春小麦的蒸散速度受土壤有效水分含量的影响;②春小麦出苗前和生长初期,蒸散以地表蒸发为主,蒸散量较小,感热通量和土壤热通量较大;随着时间推移,L AI(叶面积系数)逐渐增大,由于作物遮蔽,感热通量和土壤热通量减小,潜热通量对净辐射贡献增大;③测定期间,波文比在早晨日出前(5:00)达到最大,至下午15:00左右下降为最小,然后开始增大至次日凌晨;④应用波文比-能量平衡法估测的沙地春小麦蒸散量与大型蒸渗仪的测定值一致性较好,相关系数R²为0.9055。     

Land‐use Effects on Anion‐associated Cation Leaching in Response to Above‐normal Precipitation

Fertilizers and liming agents are generally used to achieve optimal economic yields. However, several negative effects of long‐term annual fertilization of nitrogen (N) in particular have been observed, such as reduced cation exchange capacity and decreased base saturation, which may stimulate accelerated leaching loss of other nutrients. Equilibrium‐tension lysimeters installed at a depth of 1.4 m were used to evaluate leaching of soil‐solution ionic constituents from a tallgrass prairie restoration and optimally and deficiently N‐fertilized, no‐tillage (NT) and chisel‐plowed (CP) maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll). This study was conducted in south‐central Wisconsin, USA during a 1‐year period of above‐normal precipitation between January 2000 and January 2001. The loss of soluble constituents added to agroecosystems to maintain adequate soil fertility and pH, such as N, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, was generally numerically smaller from the natural prairie 25 years after conversion from cultivated agriculture than from optimally and deficiently N‐fertilized, NT and CP maize agroecosystems, though the differences were not significant. Tillage and fertilizer N‐rate generally did not significantly affect drainage, ionic concentrations, or their leaching losses in the maize agroecosystems, though all parameters evaluated tended to be numerically smaller in the deficiently than optimally N‐fertilized maize agroecosystems. Nitrate‐N leaching losses were generally significantly positively correlated with leaching losses of K, Ca, Mg, and Na in the maize agroecosystems, but not for the prairie, indicating that nitrate‐N leaching plays a significant role in the concomitant loss of cations to maintain soil‐solution charge balance in N‐fertilized maize agroecosystems in a temperate environment.     

A comparative modeling study of a dual tracer experiment in a large lysimeter under atmospheric conditions

In this paper, five model approaches with different physical and mathematical concepts varying in their model complexity and requirements were applied to identify the transport processes in the unsaturated zone. The applicability of these model approaches were compared and evaluated investigating two tracer breakthrough curves (bromide, deuterium) in a cropped, free-draining lysimeter experiment under natural atmospheric boundary conditions. The data set consisted of time series of water balance, depth resolved water contents, pressure heads and resident concentrations measured during 800 days. The tracer transport parameters were determined using a simple stochastic (stream tube model), three lumped parameter (constant water content model, multi-flow dispersion model, variable flow dispersion model) and a transient model approach. All of them were able to fit the tracer breakthrough curves. The identified transport parameters of each model approach were compared. Despite the differing physical and mathematical concepts the resulting parameters (mean water contents, mean water flux, dispersivities) of the five model approaches were all in the same range. The results indicate that the flow processes are also describable assuming steady state conditions. Homogeneous matrix flow is dominant and a small pore volume with enhanced flow velocities near saturation was identified with variable saturation flow and transport approach. The multi-flow dispersion model also identified preferential flow and additionally suggested a third less mobile flow component. Due to high fitting accuracy and parameter similarity all model approaches indicated reliable results.     

科尔沁沙地玉米耗水规律初探

运用蒸渗仪对沙地玉米的耗水量做了测定研究。结果表明,玉米在本地区的耗水量为464.6mm,其中播种-拔节期为67.7mm,拔节-抽穗期为164.4mm,抽穗-灌浆期为102.2mm,灌浆-成熟期130.3mm;水分生产率为10.84kg·hm^-2·mm^-1;沙地玉米田的日蒸散曲线在苗期和拔节期呈现抛物线型,但在抽穗和灌浆期则为一个双峰曲线;本地区的降水不能满足玉米的生长需要,需灌溉予以补充。     

A weighing lysimeter in a regenerating eucalypt forest: Design,construction, and performance

A 36 tonne monolithic weighing lysimeter (3.7 m diameter and 1.5 m deep) was installed in Kioloa State Forest near Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia, to provide a continuous record of water use from a regenerating natural eucaplyt community, five years old at installation. The resolution is equivalent to 0.05 mm of evaporation and provides hourly information for diurnal variation of forest evaporation. The sensitivity of 14 ppm compares favourably with those reported for other lysimeters, similar in magnitude, in the U.S.A. Design criteria for selecting, isolating and suspending a sample community ‘in situ’ with an electro-mechanical balance are outlined. Procedures adopted during installation are described with emphasis placed on precautions taken to minimize disturbance and to avert possible changes in character of the isolated natural community. Lysimeter performance was assessed both in terms of its accuracy and its operation as a remote facility with infrequent attention.     

Urban and rural dewfall,surface moisture,and associated canopy-level air temperature and humidity measurements for vancouver,canada

Canopy-level humidity is often less at night during fine weather in a mid-latitude city, compared to its rural surroundings. This feature has been attributed, in part, to reduced urban dew, but links are largely unproven, because urban dew data are rare. In this study, surface moisture (i.e., dew + guttation by blotting) and dewfall (by mini-lysimeter) were measured at rural and urban residential sites in Vancouver, Canada, during the summer of 1996. Air temperature and humidity were measured at both sites, and on rural-to-urban vehicle traverses. Weather and location effects were evident. Humidity data suggested the small (< 1 g m^–3) urban moisture excess observed on fine nights was linked to reduced urban dew. For grass, the frequency of moisture events, and surface moisture amounts, were similar for both sites. However, on grass, rural dewfall (mean=0.10 mm per night) was more than urban dewfall (mean=0.07 mm per night). On the other hand, data for a roof lysimeter (mean dewfall=0.12 mm per night) showed that an urban roof could rival rural grass as a favoured location for dewfall in Vancouver.     

Langzeitprognosen zum Sickerwasseraustrag von Schwermetallen aus Deponien von Müllverbrennungsschlacken

Long‐term Assessment for the Leachate Release of Heavy Metals from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Monofills Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was investigated by chemical, mineralogical, and microbiological methods as well as leaching‐ and laboratory lysimeter tests. Compared to geological material bottom ash shows a high content of soluble salts, organic carbon, and heavy metals. The heavy metals are mainly bound in alloys and glas. Addition of oxic and acetic solutions quickly oxigenize the metal‐phases and alloys. Only fixation in newly formed phases like carbonates or hydroxides prevents heavy metal release till pH 7 in case of pH‐reduce. In the long‐term the acid buffer is reduced by the environmental acid input in combination with the release of buffering phases (mostly calcite). Internal acid producing processes like decay of organic matter or oxidation of sulfides are not important for the pH‐decrease. Cu, Ni, and Zn are first released between pH 7 and 6 (mainly Zn) and a second time at pH values below 5 (mainly Cu). Pb is significantly released at pH values below 5, Cr only at pH < 4. Mainly metals, alloys, and the rims of glas are destroyed by leaching. Phases like metal hydroxides (mainly Fe‐phases) or amorphous, water bearing Fe‐Al‐Si‐oxides are finally formed. Long‐term leaching by acetic fluids increases the total availability of heavy metals (except Cr) with increasing time. Kinetic effects including changing of metal binding forms seem to be responsible for this development. Within deposit conditions of limited gas exchange (closed system) the pH of the carbonate buffering zone can drop below pH 7 in case of very strong acid input and quickly cause an enhanced metal release. But in reality such a strong acid input is not to be expected. Calcite will buffer between pH 8 and 7 for a long time. Depending on the environmental conditions (water balance, acidity of rain) and landfill design (compaction, permeability, cover, thickness) it can take hundreds till thousands of years until metal release will start. The long‐term metal release of matter with an acid buffer like carbonates can be approximately determined only by short‐term tests with powder (e.g. pH_static tests at pH 4).     

沙漠人工植被区土壤蒸发测定

在2003年生长季,应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro Lysimeter)、大型称重式蒸渗仪(Lysimeter)和TDR对比测定沙漠油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和柠条(Caragana korshinskii)人工植被区与裸沙土壤蒸发,结果表明:在沙漠人工植被区由于植被比较稀疏,土壤蒸发不受植株的遮阴的影响,但不同样地的蒸发量是有差异的,而样地和位置间的互作不显著。为提高蒸发测定精度,建议微型蒸渗仪勤于换土,尤其是在大降水发生之后;将横插式 TDR探头改为竖插式能探测到小降水后的蒸发量。在沙漠区有很大比例的蒸发发生在紧接降水之后。以微型蒸渗仪的测定结果为主,结合大型称重式蒸渗仪的测定结果推算出整个试验期间的裸沙、油蒿和柠条样地的蒸发量为 111.6mm、93.8 mm和99.3 mm,油蒿和柠条样地的蒸发量分别占同期蒸散量的45.1%和43.6%;油蒿和柠条样地均以8月份日蒸发量0.93 mm·d^-1和1.10 mm·d^-1最高,5月份日蒸发量0.30 mm·d^-1和0.28 mm·d^-1最低。