Isolation and biological characteristics of aerobic marine magnetotactic bacterium YSC-1

1 INTRODUCTION Magnetotactic bacteria are able to respond and orient along the direction of terrestrial or artificial magnetic field, a behavior referred to as magneto- taxis. In the majority of magnetotactic bacteria, the magnetosomes are 25–120 nm in d…     

中国黄土剖面趋磁细菌的组成特征与生态意义

选择中国的黄土-古土壤序列的超磁细菌作为研究对象，以透射电镜、扫描电镜、生化实验和有机地球化学方法先后研究了从黄土地区陕西段家坡、甘肃西峰以及陕西洛川富集的趋磁细菌，结果表明，虽然趋磁细菌在黄土和古土壤层的形态有所差异，但它们均由细胞膜、细胞质和沿长轴排列的磁小体与气泡组成，在适宜的条件下它能生长出较多的磁小体。磁小体由氧化铁组成，并可从体内排出，使环境中部分Fe^2 转变为Fe^3 ，促使地层磁化率增高，尤其在古土壤层段，中国黄土剖面中趋磁细菌的产量是地表温度、湿度、pH、铁含量的函数，与湖沼中的趋磁菌相比，它在菌体形态、磁小体的数量与排列方式上有很大差距，因而中国西北黄土地区的趋磁细菌是典型的生态物种。     

黄海冷水团附近沉积物中的趋磁细菌及磁小体的特性研究

对黄海冷水团附近海域的沉积物进行了富集、荧光显微镜观察、电镜观察,并对其中大小均匀、形状规则的高密度颗粒进行了能谱分析。结果显示,在黄海冷水团附近有趋磁细菌和磁小体的存在。     

黄土剖面中趋磁细菌及其磁小体的初步研究

从中国西安市附近段家坡黄土剖面分离到微好氧性的趋磁细菌，经透射电子显微镜Ｈ－７０００ＦＡ和Ｈ－６００ＳＥＭ／ＥＤＡＸ－ＰＶ９１００型分析，黄土层（Ｌ１）中仅发现弧形菌，数量少，每个菌体含２个磁小体；古土壤层（Ｓ０和Ｓｉ）含有大量杆状菌，每个菌体有１５个以上的磁小体，沿细菌长轴呈两排链状排列，且具有向南磁极游动的习性，Ｘ射线能谱分析表明，磁小体中具有高丰度的Ｆｅ和Ｃｏ。趋磁细菌中磁小体的数量在古土壤     

Occurrence and microscopic analyses of multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes from coastal sediments in the Yellow Sea

Multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes(MMPs) are a group of aggregates composed of 7-45 gram-negative cells synthesizing intracellular magnetic crystals.Although they are thought to be globally distributed,MMPs have been observed only in marine environments in America and Europe.Most MMPs share a rosette-like morphology and biomineralize iron sulfide crystals.In the present study,abundant MMPs were observed,with a density of 26 ind./cm3,in the sediments of a coastal lagoon,Lake Yuehu,in the Yellow Sea.Optical microscopy showed that all of them were rosette shaped with a diameter of 5.5±0.8 mm.Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these MMPs were composed of 10-16 ovoid cells and flagellated peritrichously.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that they biomineralized bullet-shaped magnetite crystals in highly organized parallel chains within which the magnetosomes were oriented in the same direction.This is the first report of MMPs from Asia and demonstrates the ubiquitous distribution of MMPs.     

趋磁细菌及磁小体对黄土-古土壤序列磁化率贡献的模拟实验研究

选择西峰和段家坡两个黄土剖面,对磁化率变化显著的L₆-S₅-L₅层段,通过对样品中的趋磁细菌(MB)用相同的培养基富集及生长培养,初步定量模拟了MB和磁小体(MSs)对黄土-古土壤序列磁化率的贡献。富集培养MB后,段家坡剖面样品磁化率表现出不同程度的增高,最大达116.4%(DS_5-1)。以古土壤样品XS_5-1、DS_5-1为介质生长培养MB,DS_5-1磁化率的增长与接种的菌液量呈近似线性关系。此外,生长培养后古土壤样品频率磁化率与FeO/Fe₂O₃比值呈现出相似的变化趋势,证实了磁小体的形成。由此表明:1)MB和MSs是影响黄土剖面磁化率的因素之一,受气候和地质环境等因素的影响,不同地区黄土剖面MB的生长和MSs的形成存在差异,因此对磁化率的贡献也不尽相同;2)MSs是黄土-古土壤序列中超细粒磁性物质的组成部分。当气候环境比较适宜MSs形成及保存时,MSs在黄土剖面中超细粒(≤50nm)磁性组分中比重会相应增高,对磁化率和频率磁化率的影响也更为突出。     

趋磁细菌——生物地球化学作用的范例

趋磁细菌(MB)属变形菌纲,为简单的原核细胞.它的最大特征是体内长有磁小体(MSs),沿地磁线运动.MSs由膜及其内部的无机矿物或铁素(含铁蛋白质)组成,无机矿物有铁的氧化物系列或铁的硫化物系列,它们是MB的代谢产物,也是最早发现的有机界面生物矿化作用的范例.文章在广泛调查的基础上,选择源于黄土剖面S0,S1和S5古土壤层中的MB为研究重点,对它们进行了形态与生理生化特征的观察与检测,生命元素和生命小分子脂肪酸的色质谱与能谱测定,并在没有添加营养和铁源的条件下,开展了MSs的生长特点及它对环境磁性影响的模拟实验.黄土中的MB以杆状为主,杆状的长与宽之比随温度的降低而变大.MSs中的矿物为铁的氧化物系列,在较低温度并有一定温度差(8～18℃)的情况下生长较好.菌体老化后菌膜发生自溶,MSs脱落到体外,可能成为沉积物中细粒磁性物质的重要组分.因此它们在古地磁与古气候记录上具有重要的意义.通过对不同级别生物分子的了解与测试,MSs的矿物成分与形成机理研究,以及MSs中磁铁矿的铁和氧同位素测定,可进一步认识MB在沉积物中的生物地球化学作用.     

Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

The magnetic characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense bacteria were investigated by means of static and dynamic magnetic analyses and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nano-sized magnetosomes are generally in a stable single-domain state, but magnetosomes smaller than 30 nm characteristic of superparamagnetic magnetite particles were also found. Alternating current (AC) susceptibility indicates that all magnetosomes are blocked below 150 K. At room temperature the anisotropy of M. gryphiswaldense is dominated by the shape of the magnetosome chains. Low-temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy indicates that this dominant shape anisotropy can affect the detection of the Verwey transition at 100 K. The static and dynamic magnetic analyses show that the Verwey transition is smeared and that our magnetotactic bacteria fail the Moskowitz test. This failure is explained by the biomineralization of non-stoichiometric magnetosomes. This interpretation is based on the increase in high-field susceptibility and the distinct peak in the out-of-phase component of the AC susceptibility below 50 K. These results are attributed to freezing of spins associated with defect structures in the core and at the surface of nano-sized magnetosomes. The results obtained from M. gryphiswaldense demonstrate that intrinsic properties of nano-sized magnetosomes are significantly influenced by non-stoichiometry and by the anisotropy excited from their arrangement in the bacteria.