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基于RTK-GPS技术的干热河谷冲沟沟头形态特征

采用高精度实时动态差分GPS(以下简称RTK-GPS)技术对干热河谷冲沟进行野外调查,获取36个不同活跃度类型沟头的形态参数,研究不同活跃度类型之间沟头的形态特征差异,并分析集水区、沟床植被盖度与形态特征之间的关系。结果表明:1.沟头不同活跃度类型之间,其跌坎高差、沟床比降差异最为显著,可作为沟头活跃度类型野外判别的主要参考指标;沟壁坡度、宽-深比等的差异较为显著,亦可在一定程度上表征沟头活跃程度。2.沟床植被盖度与各形态特征参数的相关性显著,表明沟床植被盖度可作为形态参数的综合替代性指标。同一活跃度类型的沟头,其跌坎高差、沟床比降等与沟床植被盖度呈极显著负相关关系,说明随着沟床植被盖度的增加(或减小),跌坎高差、沟床比降均呈减小(或增加)趋势。3.集水区植被盖度与各形态特征参数的关系不显著,表明干热河谷集水区植被盖度对沟头发育的贡献有限。     

Thinning and shrinkage of Laohugou No. 12 glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2007

Landsat images, real-time kinematic GPS measurements, and topographic maps were used to determine changes in ice elevation, volume, and areal extent of the Laohugou No. 12 glacier (Qilian Mountains, China) between 1957 and 2007. The glacier experienced significant thinning and areal shrinkage in the ablation zone, but slight thickening in part of the accumulation zone. Elevation decreased by 18.6±5.4 m between 1957 and 2007 in the regions covered by the GPS measurements. The total volume loss for the entire glacier was estimated to be 0.218 km3 using a third-order polynomial fit method. The area diminished by 0.28 km2 between 1957 and 1994, 0.26 km2 between 1994 and 2000, and 0.28 km2 between 2000 and 2007, suggesting that the rate of loss in glacial coverage has increased since the mid-1990s. Significant increases in annual mean air temperature may have contributed to shrinkage and thinning of the glacier.     

水深测量技术在航道工程中的应用

依据某项目水深测量技术的实际应用,介绍了海洋水深测量中的基本原理、误差来源与分析、水深施测量、水深后处理等.该技术流程已经在水深测量中广泛应用,具有普遍代表性.     

新仪器、新方法在工程放样中的应用

针对传统工程放样方法繁琐且精度不高的现实问题,介绍了几种新仪器在工程放样中的应用。具体阐述了使用全站仪放样坐标的方法和使用RTK-GPS进行工程放样的具体步骤,并详细讲述了三角高程测量代替几何水准测量的新方法即新三角高程测量,以及新三角高程测量在工程放样中的应用。     

Assessment and integration of conventional,RTK-GPS and image-derived beach survey methods for daily to decadal coastal monitoring

Coastal monitoring across a broad range of time-scales was recognized in the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as key to better understanding the likely impacts of climate change at the coast. A unique and historic coastal monitoring program undertaken at the Collaroy–Narrabeen embayment in south-eastern Australia comprises: 1) 30 years of monthly conventional (Emery method) surveys of five cross-shore profile lines; 2) three years of monthly three-dimensional surveys of the entire embayment using RTK-GPS mounted to an all-terrain vehicle (ATV); and 3) four years of hourly shoreline measurements using coastal imaging technology (ARGUS). This study evaluates the strengths and limitations of conventional, RTK-GPS and image-derived surveys for coastal monitoring at daily to decadal coastal time-scales. High-accuracy RTK-GPS was used to first assess the accuracy of the conventional and image-derived survey methods. The magnitude of daily to decadal coastal variability was then characterized by calculating the temporal semivariogram of the integrated survey dataset. With both measurement errors and the degree of beach variability quantified, the corresponding signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of each survey method at different time-scales were determined. The value of the simple and cost-effective Emery method was verified by this analysis, with measurement error significantly smaller than the degree of overall beach variability (SNR = 8.4). The accuracy, speed and efficiency of ATV-mounted RTK-GPS meanwhile make it suitable for three-dimensional beach surveys. Image-derived surveys were found to be an effective means of remotely measuring the considerable degree of beach variability identified at time-scales of less than one month. These measurements however become indistinguishable from survey noise (i.e. SNR ≤ 1) when considering typical weekly (or smaller) variations at large distances from the cameras.     

基于多源数据的天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川变化研究

基于2012年RTK-GPS、2015年三维激光扫描和2018年无人机航测数据,以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为研究区,分别从物质平衡、面积、末端等方面分析近期冰川变化。结果表明：乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近年来呈快速消融趋势。2012—2018年冰川面积减少0.07 km²,年平均面积变化率为-0.01 km²·a^-1;同期,冰川末端退缩率为6.28 m·a^-1,且2015—2018年退缩速率大于2012—2015年;2012—2018年间表面高程下降,物质平衡为-1.13±0.18 m w.e.·a^-1,物质损失主要发生在消融区。将2012—2018年间大地测量法冰川物质平衡与传统的花杆/雪坑法观测结果相比较,发现二者较为一致。而2012—2018年间物质平衡减小速率（-0.64 m w.e.·a^-1）大于1980—2012年间（-0.47 m w.e.·a^-1）,表明近期乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川继续呈快速消融趋势。     

现代测绘新技术在民用机场建设中的应用

结合宁夏中卫沙坡头民用机场建设测量任务,介绍了使用RTK-GPS配合智能全站仪,进行机场建设测量的作业方法、过程及机场环境导航数据测量等,为在复杂情况和特殊要求下进行机场建设测量提供了一定的借鉴作用。