大洋海区海-气CO_2通量单参数遥感算法的适用性检验

利用卫星遥感技术的优势,基于LDEO数据库的全球海表二氧化碳分压（PCO2）及海表温度（SST）等实测数据,初步建立东太平洋海区PCO2与SST的单参数经验算法,并采用相同区域的独立实测数据检验.结果表明,单参数算法在寡营养大洋海区具有良好的适用性,反演值与实测值之间的均方根误差（RMS）为0.51 Pa（1 Pa=9.869μatm）,由此估算出2003年6月该海域CO2通量为-1.4 mmol/（m2.d）,与实测估算的碳通量基本相符,能够很好地反映出海区CO2源汇特征.将该遥感算法运用到西大西洋海域（15°~25°N,60°~75°W）,反演值与实测值之间均方根误差（RMS）为0.69 Pa.检验结果表明,在寡营养大洋海区,单参数遥感算法具有一定的适用性,在受相似因子调控的同纬度海区可以使用同一遥感算法.     

BDS接收机天线相位中心标定

在高精度GNSS定位中,接收机天线相位中心偏差(PCO)和天线相位中心变化(PCV)的影响不可忽略。目前,IGS发布的绝对天线相位模型文件中包含了GPS/GLONASS系统的标定值,但是没有发布北斗系统(BDS)的标定值。本文借助机械臂可以控制天线自由旋转,在数小时内实现全方位GNSS观测的特性,采用历元间差分的方法对接收机天线包括GPS L1/L2和BDSB1I/B2I/B3I等多个频点的PCO和PCV分别进行标定和拟合。标定结果表明,比较最小二乘估计的GPS PCO与IGS发布值,其STD和RMS在L1/L2上均小于1 mm;BDS PCO估计值的STD在B1I/B2I/B3I上分别为0.5、0.3、0.3 mm。利用球谐函数拟合的GPS PCV格网值与IGS发布值相比,其偏差在天顶距小于75°时均小于1.5 mm。BDS PCV拟合值范围均在-5~8 mm,且随天顶距变化曲线呈现波谷状。BDS PCV在低高度角处拟合值波动较大,随方位角变化曲线峰值-峰值最大达到了5.6 mm。     

不同太阳、月亮坐标算法对GNSS部分系统误差的影响研究

研究天文年历、JPL星历计算的太阳、月亮坐标的差异及对GNSS导航定位的影响。结果表明,不同星历计算的太阳坐标差异最大为5×10⁸ m,月亮坐标差异最大为3×10⁶ m。天文年历与DE421计算的星固系X方向之间的夹角最大达30′（Y方向与X方向类似）。太阳坐标差异引起的相位绕转改正之间的差异最大达0.3 mm,卫星天线相位中心偏差改正之间的差异最大达3 mm。太阳、月亮坐标差异导致固体潮改正之间的差异最大达3 mm。经实测GPS数据验证,不同星历计算的太阳、月亮坐标差异对PPP的影响可以忽略,建议在PPP中采用计算效率高的天文年历。     

喀斯特关键带水—土—气CO2分压垂直转化特征及影响因素

喀斯特关键带是碳循环在岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈的主要综合作用区域,各层相互作用形成不同的反应体系,其中,CO₂扮演了十分重要的作用。通过对双河洞洞穴上覆土壤及洞穴水及空气CO₂浓度的监测,采用数理统计分析方法,根据碳酸平衡系统理论对CO₂的垂直向转化特征进行系统分析。结果表明：CO₂的垂直向转化过程受洞穴内外部气温变化、滴水pH及脱气沉积过程的影响,其供给来源、离子饱和状况在雨季和旱季存在明显差异;雨季时,大气降水在土壤中下渗速度较快,构成一个相对稳定的封闭环境,土壤、表层喀斯特带对渗透水CO₂补充作用较弱,渗透水中CO₂分压（即PCO₂）变化范围在0.035~0.126 vol%,洞内水—气CO₂分压（△lg PCO₂ > 0）,洞穴水具有溶蚀性,此时表层喀斯特带下部中的CO₂应为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源;旱季时,由于降水量较小,渗透水有充分时间接受土壤与表层喀斯特带CO₂补充,构成开放系统,渗透水变化范围为0.038 vol%~0.095 vol%,更有利于发生先期沉积过程（PCP）,此时洞内空气PCO₂小于洞穴水（△lg PCO₂ < 0）,促使滴水在洞内再次发生沉积、形成沉积物,此时土壤和表层喀斯特带均为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源。     

A comparative study of boron isotopes and trace elements of the marine foraminifers during the last glacial maximum and Holocene

Boron isotopic compositions in marine planktonic foraminifers can record changes in seawater pH and hence provide a new tool to reconstruct the changes of paleo-atmospheric PCO2.Here a comparative study was done on boron isotopes and trace element abundances of planktonic foraminifers,Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber from three tropical ODP sites,Site 806B,Site 664C and Site 999A.It is demonstrated here that G.ruber is a better species to be used for downcore boron isotope analyses on gl...     

GPS卫星和接收机天线绝对PCO、PCV对高精度基线解算的影响分析

在高精度GPS卫星导航数据处理中,卫星和接收机天线的PCO和PCV作为重要的误差来源之一,必须予以改正。本文从高精度基线解算入手,分析了卫星和接收机天线PCO和PCV中各项对高精度基线解算结果的影响。试验结果表明,接收机天线PCO、PCV对长基线或超长基线在各分量方向或长度上的影响最大可达到101 mm。卫星天线PCO、PCV对长基线在各分量方向或长度上的影响在毫米水平,最大不超过4 mm;对超长基线在各分量方向或长度上的影响最大可达到40 mm。     

温度及CO2对方解石、白云石溶解度影响特征分析

借助水文地球化学模拟软件--PHREEQC对不同Pco2(0～100bar)和不同温度条件下(0～100℃)方解石、白云石在纯水中的溶解度进行模拟和分析.结果表明,Pco2和温度对方解石和白云石溶解度的影响均很大:无Pco2时其溶解度随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,这是因为对于方解石、白云石晶格破坏及溶解高温能提供的能量较大所致;当Pco2较大时(Pco2≥10-3.5bar)其溶解度随温度的升高而降低,原因主要是CO2在高温下形成碳酸的能力较差;当Pco2很小(0      

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?о???????????JPL????????????????????????????GNSS??????λ??????????????????????????????????????????5×10⁸ m???????????????????3×10⁶ m????????????DE421???????????X??????????н?????30′????Y????????X??????????????????????????????λ??????????????????0.3 mm????????????λ?????????????????????3 mm???????????????????1??峱???????????????3 mm???????GPS??????????????????????????????????????PPP??????????????????PPP?в??ü???Ч??????????????     

北斗天线相位中心偏差改正对精密单点定位的影响

利用厂商模型、MGEX模型和ESA模型对BDS卫星天线相位中心偏差进行改正，结果表明，3种模型对BDS精密单点定位精度均有所提升，其中，水平方向提升1～2 cm，高程方向定位精度由1 dm提升为厘米级，ESA模型优于另外两种模型。利用GPS接收机天线相位中心偏差改正值对BDS接收机天线相位中心偏差进行改正，其精度改善情况随天线类型的不同而存在差异，水平方向精度影响为毫米级，高程方向与天线类型有关，精度影响最大可达厘米级。     

Impact of anthropogenic geochemical change and aquifer geology on groundwater phosphorus concentrations

Geologic and geochemical variations across a 4200 km² area of south-central Wisconsin (USA) were used to examine their relationship to phosphorus concentrations in groundwater from more than four hundred private water supply wells. Surficial geology in the study area ranged from Cambrian sandstones to Ordovician dolomites. Groundwater phosphorus concentrations were higher in aquifers of older Cambrian age compared to the concentrations in aquifers of younger Cambrian and Ordovician age. Because iron concentrations were relatively low in these waters and agricultural land use was similar in all geologic regions, we propose that the differences in bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic geochemical impacts explain the differences in phosphorus concentrations between aquifers. Within the older Cambrian aquifers, groundwater phosphorus concentrations were elevated in groundwater with higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. This finding is consistent with the presence of phosphorus within sediment in these strata and geologic conditions that weakly buffered pH reduction from anthropogenic acidification. In contrast, groundwater phosphorus concentrations in younger Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers were not elevated in samples with higher nitrate. Anthropogenic acidification in these carbonate-rich aquifers was neutralized through increased carbonate weathering, which led to higher groundwater calcium and alkalinity and would limit the dissolution of phosphate-rich minerals, such as apatite, where present. Low iron concentrations observed in most samples suggest that the phosphorus release in the Cambrian strata occurs beyond the zone of secondary mineral retention in the soil. These results have important implications for the eutrophication of inland surface waters in areas with bedrock phosphorus and anthropogenic acidity that is not neutralized before it contacts phosphatic rock.