谈谈积雨云的观测与判断

积雨云在我市一年四季均会出现，但汛期内（3一9月）出现的机会更多。伴随积雨云发生的天气现象具有如下特征：气象要素突变、激烈、阵发性明显；并可伴随雷电、暴雨、大风、龙卷、冰雹等天气现象。如何准确地观测、判断积雨云，显得很重要。下面谈谈几点体会。1单块积雨云单块积雨云一般容易识别。这种云多发生在晴空的下午到傍晚，出现在视野内沿山丘的边界地段。从外型上看，其形如塔，顶部为砧状；底部较平，有时与地平线没有明显的界线；光亮度为上白、中发、下暗。此种云出现时间较短促，本站常在夏半年至秋季观测到这种情况。2多块积…     

新型激光云高仪CT—12K简介

CT－12K云高仪是芬兰VAISALA公司生产的新一代激光测云仪，它具有结构清晰，测量精确，便于维护等优点，我国现有多个机场用其作为云层自动观测设备。下面介绍一下它的测量原理和工作过程。1测量原理CT－12K云高仪是通过测量一束光脉冲从发射端发出后，经云底反射被接收端检测到，这一过程所需的时间来确定云层高度。云高与反射延迟时间的关系为：h一Ct／2………………………………（）其中c为光速（一2．9979XIO‘m／s）实际上．由于大气中微粒的大小、密度及云层厚度的不同，在各个高度上都会有部分反射，因此实际的问波信号加留1…     

浅谈碎雨云Fn的观测

在地面气象测报中碎雨云Fn是常见的云，定义为：“低而破碎的云，灰色或暗灰色。不断滋生，形状多变、移动快。常出现在降水时或降水前后的降水云层之下。”该定义可理解为：“降水时或降水前后的降水云层下破碎的云记为Fn”。在工作实践中对“降水时或     

多源遥感影像的去云层处理

针对多源遥感影像的云覆盖问题，提出了利用多项式改正算法，以实现不同遥感影像之间的局部影像替换，从而满足去除目标影像上云覆盖的要求。     

夜间测云的经验总结

云是较难目测的项目之一。尤其是在无星光和月光的黑夜 ,常让观测员感到焦急。但只要用心观察 ,不断总结经验 ,就会发现云的演变其实是有规律的。运用这些规律 ,就能逐步提高对云的目测水平。在无星光和月光的夜晚 ,可结合云的一些特点来判断云状、云层( 1 )云具有联系性 ,即根据云的连续变化和演变规律来判别云状。一般在傍晚时 ,应对云进行仔细观察 ,待夜间正点观测时 ,可根据傍晚时云的发展趋势判断出云状。例 :傍晚测站某方向有Ｃｕ云趋于减弱 ,观测时云呈条状 ,就可有把握地判定是Ｓｃ云。又 :傍晚为Ｃｓ云 ,观测时呈均匀云幕 ,不见星…     

环青海湖地区5～9月降水与云层关系的分析研究

本文统计分析了1995—2004年（5～9月）对环青海湖（以下简称“环湖”）地区的天峻、剐察、海晏、共和4站降水≥5．0mm、≥10．0mm、≥25．0mm出现的次数、时间、性质、强度及降水云层的特征、出现概率，地理分布和总、低云量与降水的关系。分析结果表明：环湖地区的降水次数由北向南呈递减趋势，共和为低值区；降水出现概率夜间大于白天；降水性质以阵性降水为主，强度刚察最大；主要降水云系是以积云为主的混合云系；降水日数与总云量日数成正比，总云量≥8成、低云量≥4成时，降水出现的概率刚察最大，天峻最小。     

雷电的形成

不管是直击雷还是感应雷都与带电的云层存在分不开，带电的云层称为雷云。有关雷云形成的假说很多，但至今尚未有一种被公认为无懈可击的完整学说，这里我们只介绍其中被认为比较完善并经常被推荐的假说。根据大量科学测试可知，地球本身就是一个电容器。通常大地稳定地带负电荷50万C左右，而地球上空存在一个带正电的电离层，     

Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in North China

Using a DMT （Droplet Measurement Technologies） continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei （CCN） counter mounted on a Cheyenne IIIA aircraft, about 20 flights for aircraft mea- surements of CCN over North China were conducted in the autumn of 2005 and spring of 2006. According to the design for aircraft observation, the method of spiral ascent or descent in the troposphere was used for the vertical measurement of CCN, and some certain levels were chosen for horizontal measurement. The vertical distributions of CCN concentrations show that most CCN particles are concentrated in the low level of troposphere and CCN concentration decreased with height increasing. It suggests that the main source of CCN is from the surface. This result is consistent with former studies during 1983-1985 in China with a static thermal gradient CCN counter. The comparison of vertical observations between polluted rural area near Shijiazhuang and non-polluted rural area near Zhangjiakou shows that there is about five times difference in CCN concentration. But over two polluted cities, Shijiazhuang and Handan, there is no notable difference in CCN concentration. The horizontal flight measurements for penetrating the cumulus clouds experiment show the apparent decrease of CCN in clouds. It confirms that cloud has a definite consumptive effect on CCN particles because some CCN particles can form cloud droplets. The surface measurements of CCN in Shijiazhuang City were made during June-August 2005. The statistical CCN data show the great difference in concentration at the same supersaturation （S） in Shijiazhuang summertime. The minimum CCN concentrations were 584, 808, and 2431 cm-3, and the maximum concentrations were 9495, 16332, and 21812 cm-3 at S=0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. CCN has a diurnal variation cycle. From 0600 BT, the concentration began to increase and reached the maximum at about noon. Then it generally decreased throughout the afternoon. The reason maybe is related to the onset o