青海钩虾配合饲料对罗非鱼两品系生长效果的研究

研究青海钩虾对罗非鱼两品系吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷生长的促进作用。实验用青海钩虾与面粉、麸皮和豆饼制成 5组 ( ～ )配合饲料及良种场原用饲料 ( 组 )饲育吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷 ,经2 5 d试验结果表明 :( 1)彩虹鲷增重效果以 组饲料最高 ,平均增重为 4 4 .9g,较大于 组的 4 3.1g;( 2 )所有钩虾饲料对彩虹鲷的增色效果都高于良种场的原用饲料 组 ,其中以饲料 组最高 ;( 3)饲料 I组饲育吉富罗非鱼平均增重为 4 4 g,高于 组的 4 0 .1g;( 4 )吉富罗非鱼和彩虹鲷比较则显示出吉富罗非鱼的增重率明显高于彩虹鲷而饵料系数又较低的结果。     

Food-web manipulation of drinking water reservoirs with salmonids: vertical distribution of prey and predator

In a novel biomanipulation experiment salmonids were used as a tool to improve water quality. The manipulation was initiated in spring 2000 as a response to non-point sources of phosphorus in a drinking water reservoir in Saxony, Germany. Salmonids (brown trout, Salmo trutta forma lacustris) were chosen as predators as the reservoir has a large hypolimnic water body and surface temperatures rarely exceed 20 °C. The vertical distributions of prey fish and brown trout were analysed with a fleet of vertical gill nets set in the pelagic zone of the reservoir. Consumption of brown trout was estimated by means of a bioenergetic model and the diet analyses of the trout. While the dominant planktivore (roach, Rutilus rutilus) was caught almost exclusively in the epilimnion during the stratification period trout were caught mainly below a depth of 10 m. Diet analysis revealed that the trout performed vertical migrations to consume food in the epilimnic layer, as an important food component were adult terrestrial and aquatic insects. The amount of fish in the food increased strongly with the size of the brown trout. The consumption estimate suggested that the trout had consumed 2-3% of the total roach stock during the study period (May-November 2000) of the first year of biomanipulation. We conclude that in general salmonids are suitable for food-web manipulation in deep reservoirs, but the stocked fish should be as large as possible (> 300 mm) and the proportion of large trout (> 500 mm) should be as high as possible.     

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)选育群体的血清类固醇激素周年变化

采用放射性免疫(RIA)和组织学切片技术,系统地研究了虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)选育群体的血清性类固醇激素周年变化与性腺发育特点的关系,以及血清中性类固醇激素雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)在雌雄亲本中的周年变化规律和生理作用。结果表明,虹鳟性腺发育可划分为6期。雌鱼血清中E2在10月(V期性腺)达到峰值,T浓度在11月达到峰值,而进入繁殖期后(11—12月)E2开始下降。雄鱼血清T浓度在11月达到最大值,E2在6月份达到峰值,在11月之后T开始下降。在各月份,雌鱼E2浓度水平远高于雄鱼,而雄鱼T浓度个别月份低于雌鱼。这些研究揭示出,测定血清性类固醇激素浓度水平可用于准确判断鱼类的生殖状态,且可为虹鳟家系选育出早熟亲本群体提供重要技术依据。     

促性腺激素释放激素和多巴胺对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)离体脑垂体细胞分泌促性腺激素的影响

本文研究了不同性腺发育时期淡水饲养的雌雄虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss)血浆促性腺激素（GTH）浓度的变化规律;以及在离体条件下,了促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH)、GnRH拮抗物和多巴胺对虹鳟脑垂体细胞分泌促性腺激素（GTH－Ⅱ）的影响,结果表明：（1）在雄性,血浆中GTH－Ⅱ的水平随性腺发育而逐渐增高;在雌性,仅排卵期血浆中GTH－Ⅱ的水平明显增高。（2）未成熟期和成熟期的雌性虹鳟脑垂体细胞对sGnRH和cGnRH刺激的敏感性表现不尽相同,成熟期和排卵后的脑垂体细胞对GnRH的刺激较为敏感,GTH－Ⅱ的分泌量较多。（3）在没有sGnRH的条件下,GnRH拮抗物对GTH－Ⅱ的分泌不发生作用,而在sGnRH的存在下,GnRH拮抗物对GTH－Ⅱ的分泌表现出浓度依赖的抑制作用。（4）在没有sGnRH的存在下,多巴胺对GTH－Ⅱ的分泌不发生作用,而当多巴胺的浓度一定时,随着sGnRH浓度的增加,GTH－Ⅱ分泌的量增大,另外,否认sGnRH还是cGnRH都不同时期的脑垂体细胞GTH－Ⅰ的分泌,这些结果可为虹鳟的人工催产提供一些理论依据。     

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、溪红点鲑(Salvelinus fontinalus)及杂交种(虹鳟×溪红点鲑) 血清蛋白多态性的研究

提要 利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对虹鳟、溪红点鲑及杂交种(虹鳟♀溪红点鲑♂)的进行了血液蛋白多态性研究, 计算了各座位的基因频率、基因纯合度和Shannon 信息指数, 并探讨了群体间的亲缘关系和遗传距离。结果表明: ( 1) 3个种群在α球蛋白、β1球蛋白、γ-球蛋白、前白蛋白和白蛋白5个座位上的遗传差异较大, 血清蛋白座位的优势基因在不同群体中有不同的频率; ( 2) 杂交种中出现部分双亲特异条带,表明杂交种整合了虹鳟♀ 和溪红点鲑♂的遗传信息,属两性融合生殖, 是真正意义上的杂交种。( 3) 杂交种与虹鳟和溪红点鲑的遗传相似性系数分别为0.718和0.575, 遗传距离分别为0.332和0.554, 表明杂交种与两亲本的遗传差异不是对等的, 而是偏向母本一方, U PGMA 系统树也同样证明了这一点。     

Diet of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and trout in the Waitaki lakes,New Zealand

Landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), ranging in fork length (FL) from 105 to 313 mm, were captured in fine‐mesh gill nets set in the limnetic zone of the Waitaki hydro lakes (44° 30′ S, 170° 10’ E) in the South Island, New Zealand. A total of 443 stomachs was examined and the frequency of occurrence, volume and weight of prey items calculated. In the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore the principal food (54% by weight) was zooplankton (Boeckella dilatata) whereas in the Haldon Arm of Lake Benmore it was larval and juvenile common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidi‐anus) (73% by volume). In Lake Waitaki in winter, salmon had eaten insects (43% by volume) with smaller amounts of snails (Potamopyrgus antipo‐darum, 23%) and bullies (24%). In Lake Ohau adult insects may be an important food. There were also variations in diet with season and fish size. The stomachs of 147 brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 181 rainbow trout (S. gairdnerii) caught in the same gill nets were also examined. In contrast to sockeye salmon stomachs they contained negligible amounts of zooplankton (< 1% by weight) and large amounts of aquatic insects (50–58% by weight in the Ahuriri Arm of Lake Benmore). Comparisons with juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee in North American lakes are made. The impact of introductions of sockeye salmon into other New Zealand lakes is discussed.