鄂尔多斯盆地南部晚三叠世沉降与沉积中心研究

从古地貌恢复的角度出发,依据残留厚度和补偿厚度印模法原理,恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世早期古地层厚度,从而确定了沉降中心;选取粒度矩法平均值这一参数,对同井位同层位的粒度值求平均值,将所得值投放平面图,获得粒度均值平面等值线图,湖盆中细粒碎屑物质的聚集区反映了古水流的汇合区,指示沉积中心。研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世早期沉降中心位于马家滩-白豹-宜君一线,西南部镇原-崇信一线存在局部沉降区,盆地的地层厚度变化较大,说明晚三叠世差异沉降作用明显;而沉积中心主要位于正宁-合水-姬塬-吴起-志丹-太白-黄陵-黄龙一线围成的区域,由西北向东南延展,并以北西-南东为轴向两侧迁移,长10至长7沉积期湖岸线的变化,反映了受构造沉降速率控制,湖盆的沉积中心不断扩大,长7沉积期湖盆面积最大。     

Migration of Depocenters and Accumulation Centers and its Indication of Subsidence Centers in the Mesozoic Ordos Basin

Based on the integrated study of structure attributions and characteristics of the original basin in combination with lithology and lithofacies, sedimentary provenance analysis and thickness distribution of the Mesozoic Ordos Basin, it is demonstrated that the depocenters migrated counterclockwise from southeast to the north and then to the southwest from the Middle-Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. There were no unified and larger-scale accumulation centers except several small isolated accumulation centers before the Early Cretaceous. The reasons why belts of relatively thick strata were well developed in the western basin in several stages are that this area is near the west boundary of the original Ordos Basin, there was abundant sediment supply and the hydrodynamic effect was strong. Therefore, they stand for local accumulation centers. Until the Early Cretaceous, depocenters, accumulation centers and subsidence centers were superposed as an entity in the southwest part of the Ordos Basin. Up to the end of the Middle Jurassic, there still appeared a paleogeographic and paleostructural higher-in-west and lower-in-east framework in the residual basin to the west of the Yellow River. The depocenters of the Ordos Basin from the Middle–Late Triassic to the Middle Jurassic were superposed consistently. The relatively high thermal maturation of Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata in the depocenters and their neighborhood suggest active deep effects in these areas. Generally, superposition of depocenters in several periods and their consistency with high thermal evolution areas reveal the control of subsidence processes. Therefore, depocenters may represent the positions of the subsidence centers. The subsidence centers (or depocenters) are located in the south of the large-scale cratonic Ordos Basin. This is associated with flexural subsidence of the foreland, resulting from the strong convergence and orogenic activity contemporaneous with the Qinling orogeny.     

Defining the concept of stratigraphic grade and applying it to stratal (reservoir) architecture and evolution of the slope-to-basin profile: An outcrop perspective

Stratigraphic grade is the similarity of the morphology of successive slope-to-basin profiles in a genetically related depositional system. In this article we use data collected from regional cross-sections of six depositional systems, stratal architecture derived from outcrops of the Lewis Shale (Wyoming, USA), and the Ross Sandstone (Ireland), and supplementary outcrop and subsurface data from other depositional systems to determine how stratigraphic grade relates to stratal (reservoir) architecture in deepwater systems.Four methods are developed that collectively define stratigraphic grade: (1) regional stacking patterns of fourth-order stratigraphic surfaces, (2) the relationship between the trajectory of the shelf edge (T_se) and the trajectory of the depocenter (T_d) for fourth-order stratigraphic units, (3) morphology of the slope-to-basin profiles of fourth-order stratigraphic surfaces, and (4) the similarity of the morphologies of slope-to-basin profiles of fourth-order surfaces in a system (σ_s, σ_r). Several characteristics of stratigraphic (reservoir) architecture of fourth-order stratigraphic cycles are related to stratigraphic grade: (1) longitudinal distribution of sandstone in fourth-order cycles, (2) location of maximum sandstone relative to the depocenter of fourth-order cycles, (3) lengths of fourth-order submarine fans, and (4) longitudinal and vertical distribution of architectural elements. Stratigraphic grade is thus a predictor of reservoir architecture and can thereby be used to reduce the uncertainty in the interpretation of subsurface data.The concept of stratigraphic grade is useful in understanding the stratigraphic evolution of deepwater systems. Most deepwater systems analyzed in this study initiated as out-of-grade and temporally evolved to graded systems over a time span of millions of years. Systems rarely evolve from graded to out-of-grade. First-order controls on stratigraphic grade are determined to be angle of slope, tectonically forced changes in angle of slope during deposition, and sediment supply.     

西湖凹陷裂陷期构造样式及其对沉积充填的控制作用

西湖凹陷裂陷期构造主要是指从断陷开始形成(Tg界面)至始新世末(T30界面)的构造,它控制着盆内裂陷期地层的发育和沉积体系的总体展布特征.裂陷期原盆地的构造格架总体为一复杂的半地堑结构,主要受控于三组NE向的断裂带:东缘陡坡断裂带、中央洼陷断裂带、西部缓斜坡断裂带.西湖凹陷裂陷期古构造格局对裂陷期构造层序沉积、沉降中心...     

2D finite-element elastic models of transtensional pull-apart basins

A set of two-dimensional finite-element elastic models are presented to provide insights on the evolution of transtensional pull-apart basins between two right-stepping, right-lateral fault segments. Three representative fault segment interaction geometries are modelled, showing underlapping, neutral and overlapping segments. Despite the simplifications of the 2D model, overall results are obtained that might help understanding the formation of pull-apart basins. Firstly, the orientations of the local σ₁ and σ₃ tensional stress directions markedly depend on the segment's position. Secondly, the mean normal stress is extensional in a transtensional basin between segments, while the region outside the step is characterized by more compressive mean normal stresses. Thirdly, the angle of offset between the fault segments is one of the most important parameters controlling the geometries of the transtensional pull-apart basins: connected depocenters with basin high and lozenge shape in the case of underlapping steps, spindle shape or lazy S or Z shape in the case of neutral steps, and broadly elongate rhomboidal to sigmoidal basins in the case of overlapping steps. Generally, en-échelon basin margin system, dual opposing asymmetric depocenter, intrabasin relative structural high, and wide basin width can be used as indicators that a pull-apart basin is developing in transtension zones.     

金衢盆地的沉积相

金衢盆地发育在古生代变质褶皱基底之上,前中生代的构造格架和地质特征对金衢盆地的形成与演化具有很大的影响。通过对金衢盆地的古地理环境、沉积构造、沉积中心以及岩相变化的研究;分析了金衢盆地的形成与演化历史,讨论了晚中生代-新生代的构造环境演化。研究表明:①金衢盆地是由挤压到拉张形成的断陷盆地,盆地边界大多为正断层;②地层序列在盆内不同位置变化较大;③沉积相:金衢盆地各时段沉积相的展布各具特色,并且演化序列比较清晰;冲积扇相以冲积扇裙的形式分布于盆地南北两缘,且有一定差异;河流及沙洲相分布于盆地中部,即衢县和龙游之间的区段;三角洲相主要有扇三角洲、辫状三角洲及正常三角洲;研究区发育湖泊相,其中滨浅湖和半深湖占绝对优势。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生代沉积和堆积中心迁移及其地质意义

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地中生代构造属性、原盆面貌、岩性岩相组合、物源分析和厚度分布特征等的综合研究表明,从中晚三叠世至早白垩世,盆地沉积中心由东南向北、再向西南发生逆时针迁移;在盆地西部,早白垩世沉积前没有统一或规模较大的堆积中心,仅存在孤零分布或彼此分割、规模不大的局部堆积中心。盆地西部多个时期出现的地层较厚分布区带,是该区距盆地西界较近,物源供给充足、水动力作用强所致,故代表局部堆积中心。早白垩世,沉积、堆积和沉降中心才在盆地西南部“三位一体” 叠合分布。直到中侏罗世末,在黄河之西的今盆地残留区,总体仍呈西高东低的古地理—构造格局。盆地中晚三叠世—中侏罗世各期的沉积中心在位置上大体一致,上下大部重叠;该沉积中心及近邻,古生界和中生界的热演化程度为盆地最高,显示该区深部作用较为活跃。综合分析认为,中生代各期沉积中心的叠置及其与高热演化地区的重合,反映为总体受沉降中心控制所致,可作为盆地沉降中心的代表。大型鄂尔多斯克拉通内盆地中生代各期沉积(沉降)中心在位置上偏于盆地南部,与秦岭造山带同期强烈的会聚造山活动产生的前陆挠曲沉降相关。     

依—舒地堑方正断陷古近系构造演化与沉积相带展布特征

方正断陷由南向北划分为南部斜坡、南部凹陷、中部凸起、北部凹陷和北部斜坡共5个二级构造单元。古近系是方正断陷形成、发育、演化的主要阶段,乌云组和新安村组沉积时期为强烈断陷期,达连河组沉积时期为持续断陷期,宝泉岭组一段沉积时期为断凹转化期,宝泉岭组二段沉积时期为断陷萎缩期。乌云—新安村组和宝二段沉积时期,盆地总体构成了水系发育的扇三角洲-滨浅湖沉积体系;达连河组和宝一段沉积时期,盆地总体构成了横向水系发育的扇三角洲-半深湖沉积体系。从乌云—新安村组到宝泉岭组二段,沉积中心由北到南再到北,湖泊面积由小变大再到小,湖泊水体由浅变深再变浅。     

Migration of Depocenters and Accumulation Centers and its Indication of Subsidence Centers in the Mesozoic Ordos Basin

Based on the integrated study of structure attributions and characteristics of the original basin in combination with lithology and lithofacies,sedimentary provenance analysis and thickness distribution of the Mesozoic Ordos Basin,it is demonstrated that the depocenters migrated counterclockwise from southeast to the north and then to the southwest from the Middle-Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.There were no unified and larger-scale accumulation centers except several small isolated accumulation c...     

塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪沉积特征、构造变形与石油地质意义

通过对塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪沉积环境、沉积中心分布特征、构造变形特征及其动力学成因的分析,认为塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪的沉积和构造变形过程明显受控于阿合奇-西昆仑-阿尔金左行剪切挤压构造。它加速了生油岩的成熟过程,形成新的背斜和断层圈闭构造,而且还控制了新生代油气的运移和聚集。非构造圈闭和断层遮挡圈闭所形成的次生油气藏是巴楚断隆的有利勘探目标。