温度对刺参繁殖期消化酶和代谢酶活力的影响

为探究刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)繁殖期消化、代谢生理特点,作者以刺参亲参(240 g±15 g)为实验材料,设置了5个温度水平(6、10、14、18、21℃),研究了温度对刺参繁殖期内肠道消化酶和体壁肌肉代谢酶活力的影响。结果发现:温度对亲参繁殖期消化酶、代谢酶活力受培育水温影响显著(P0.05)。其中,胰蛋白酶与淀粉酶活力随水温升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在10℃时活力最高且达到峰值;脂肪酶活力随着养殖水温升高呈下降趋势,在6℃时活力最高。己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶活力随水温升高出现先增高后降低的趋势,在10℃时达到峰值;而琥珀酸脱氢酶活力随温度升高呈下降趋势。研究表明,10~14℃温度下,亲参消化酶与代谢酶活力均处于较高水平,是理想的亲参室内促熟温度参数。     

Interannual variability in the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla (Decapoda,Majidae)

The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is an important commercial species in Europe and supports intensive fisheries in the NE Atlantic. A field survey was performed to assess long‐term and consecutive interannual (2005–2010) variation of the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of M. brachydactyla. Larval biochemical profiles differed significantly among years, with pronounced differences being recorded in 2010. Differences among batches of newly hatched larvae were mainly explained by the contribution of triacylglycerols and, to a lesser degree, by protein and lipid content. The use of different nutrition indices is discussed. The biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae from M. brachydactyla was highly variable, even though surveyed broodstock was obtained from the same local population and was always sampled during the same season. The unpredictable biochemical profiles of newly hatched larvae may condition their survival and recruitment. This largely overlooked aspect of larval variability should be considered in future fisheries management strategies and captive production of marine organisms that still rely on wild seeds.     

凡纳滨对虾亲虾常用天然饵料营养成分的比较研究

分析比较了凡纳滨对虾亲虾培育中 4 种常用天然饵料———长吻沙蚕 Glycera chirori 、双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis、近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis (去壳)和杜氏枪乌贼Lol igo duvancelii 的营养成分及组成。结果表明,杜氏枪乌贼的蛋白质(78. 41%)和胆固醇(16.1 mg·g-1 )含量最高;双齿围沙蚕的 EPA 和 DHA 含量最高(分别为 14. 15%和12.97%),∑n 3/∑n 6值为5. 79;长吻沙蚕的 EPA和 DHA含量略低(分别为 12. 36%和11.54%),但其∑n 3/∑n 6值最高,为 7.06;长吻沙蚕的α 生育酚含量最高,为 47.72mg·kg-1,以下依次为双齿围沙蚕(43.02mg·kg-1 )、近江牡蛎(42.31mg·kg-1 )、杜氏枪乌贼(38.93mg·kg-1)。双齿围沙蚕具有最高的抗坏血酸含量,为 110.12mg·kg-1,以下依次为长吻沙蚕(100.06mg·kg-1)、杜氏枪乌贼(91.41mg·kg-1 )、近江牡蛎(33.75mg·kg-1 )。通过比较这些天然饵料的营养组成并结合已有研究结果,认为杜氏枪乌贼具有较高的蛋白质和胆固醇含量及理想的氨基酸组成,是凡纳滨对虾亲虾的优质蛋白质和胆固醇来源;而长吻沙蚕和双齿围沙蚕具有高含量的EPA和DHA,以及更高的∑n 3/∑n 6值,是凡纳滨对虾亲虾的最佳高度不饱和脂肪酸来源。此外,2 种沙蚕的α 生育酚和抗坏血酸含量较高,对凡纳滨对虾     

亲虾营养需求研究进展

综述了营养对虾类繁殖的作用。营养是亲虾培育与繁殖中的关键因素。大量研究表明，饵料中适宜水平的蛋白质(及氨基酸组成），脂肪（包括甘油三酯，磷脂，固醇，高度不饱和脂肪酸），维生素（VA，VE，VC）和类胡萝卜素是亲虾性腺发育和繁殖的必需营养因子；此外，沙蚕，鱿鱼等天然饵料中的一些未知因子也可能通过内分泌系统起关键的调控作用，对以上各营养因子及未知因子的进一步研究，有助于开发营养全面，高效的新虾人工饲料，以进行更经济，高度可控的全人工虾苗培育。     

Broodstock conditioning of New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica) within different temperature and feeding ration regimes

Two-year-old New Zealand geoducks (Panopea zelandica) were conditioned within combinations of three water temperatures (7–8, 11–12 and 16–17 °C) and three feeding rations (10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 cells mL^?1 of Chaetoceros mulleri and Isochrysis galbana) for 73 days. Similar percent matured and dry condition index values were observed among temperatures. However, significantly higher dry gonadosomatic indices (GSI_dw) were recorded at 8 and 12 °C. Although no difference was detected in percentage of spawned individuals and connective tissue occupation indices, a higher percent matured were recorded when fed 10,000 and 50,000 cells mL^?1. A reference group conditioned in pond water became matured 2 months later than the other nine experimental groups, but GSI_dw were similar. To maximise reproductive output, we suggest that 2-year-old P. zelandica may be conditioned in pond water for a month and then in 8 or 12 °C seawater with 50,000 cells mL^?1.     

母源免疫对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)子代抗体IgM水平的影响

采用鳗弧菌灭活疫苗对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)雌性亲鱼免疫方法, 进行了母源免疫对子代抗体水平、变化规律的影响及卵子中抗体蛋白空间分布特征的研究。结果表明, 免疫亲鱼产出的卵子中IgM抗体水平显著高于对照组。胚胎发育过程中, 抗体水平整体呈下降趋势, 且48h前下降迅速, 免疫组抗体水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 48h以后, 免疫组和对照组间无显著差异。卵子中抗体蛋白免疫组化定位结果表明, 未受精卵中IgM抗体集中分布在卵膜内侧边缘, 卵黄部分分布不明显。研究还发现, 卵巢液中抗体水平显著高于卵子匀浆液, 且免疫亲鱼组卵巢液中抗体水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。本实验验证了大菱鲆特异性抗体的母源传递性, 并揭示了在本免疫条件下的传递时效, 为进一步开展通过母源免疫对育苗早期疾病防控途径的探索奠定了基础。     

High environmental salinity reduces the reproductive potential of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla (Decapoda,Majidae)

The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is an important fisheries species in Europe. Adults were sampled in Ría de A Coruña (NW Spain) and transported to IRTA rearing facilities. Salinity and photoperiod changes and their effect on reproduction were tested in the laboratory. The number of newly hatched larvae per batch (presence of actively swimming newly hatched larvae in a broodstock tank) was counted and sampled to estimate dry weight and proximal composition. Keeping spider crab broodstock in a high salinity environment (38 ppt) significantly reduced the number of newly hatched larvae, reaching up to fivefold difference in winter. The number of newly hatched larvae produced under a natural photoperiod was 10‐fold higher than those produced using a fixed photoperiod at 34 ppt salinity during winter. No clear pattern of changes in larval dry weight, protein, lipid or carbohydrate composition was observed under the environmental conditions tested. The results show that the salinity used for broodstock maintenance, especially during the embryonic development, is an important factor causing changes in larval production of M. brachydactyla and with potential implications for recruitment success.     

4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

分析了沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢基本营养成分、氨基酸组成。通过计算4种饵料与斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢的必需氨基酸比率(A/E)的比值和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI),评价4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值。结果表明:沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢中的粗蛋白质量分数分别为9.18%、8.14%、12.10%、17.00%、21.90%、18.60%;总氨基酸质量分数分别为7.30%、7.47%、11.70%、14.80%、19.40%、14.60%。以斑节对虾亲虾肌肉蛋白为参比,沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0.93、0.94、0.94、0.97;以斑节对虾亲虾成熟卵巢蛋白为参比,沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0.95、0.93、0.88、0.84。这说明4种亲虾饵料相对斑节对虾亲虾而言是一种优质蛋白质,能够满足亲虾蛋白需求。不过,精氨酸、组氨酸等必需氨基酸,不能完全满足亲虾需求。     

不同天然饵料对凡纳滨对虾亲虾性腺发育的影响

分别以双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)、杜氏枪乌贼(Loligo duvaucelii)、近江牡蛎(Ostrea riuularis)及三者的混合饵料(1∶1∶1)培育凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾至性腺发育成熟,通过分析亲虾性腺发育时间、蜕壳间期、交配率、产卵量、变态率,确定培育亲虾的优质饵料。结果表明:投喂双齿围沙蚕或混合饵料的组与投喂杜氏枪乌贼、近江牡蛎组在产卵量、卵巢发育时间、蜕壳间期、交配率、孵化率、变态率方面具有显著差异(P<0.01)。投喂双齿围沙蚕或混合饵料的亲虾平均产卵量可达21.2×104粒/尾,卵巢平均发育时间为101 h,平均蜕壳间期为218 h,平均交配率可达80%,平均孵化率可达62.99%,平均变态率可达82.44%。表明在凡纳滨对虾亲虾培育的过程中,沙蚕单独或与其他天然饵料混合投喂,较乌贼、牡蛎单独投喂对亲虾性腺发育具有更好的促进效果。     

Dietary vitamin A,ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol affect the gonad development and reproductive performance of starry flounder Platichthys stellatus broodstock

The present trial was conducted with starry fl ounder Platichthys stellatus broodstock to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A,ascorbic acid,and α-tocopherol on the gonadal development and reproductive performance.8 000 IU/kg diet vitamin A(VA group),500 mg/kg diet ascorbic acid(Vcpp group),or 250 mg/kg diet α-tocopherol(α-TA group)was added into basal diet to create 3 vitamin experimental diets,respectively.Each diet was fed to 450 starry fl ounder broodstock for 104 days.Samples were collected weekly.The gonadosomatic index(GSI)of 3 vitamin experimental groups fi rst decreased and then increased.Maximum GSI of Vcpp group was higher than that of α-TA group but lower than that of VA group.The spawning periods of 3 vitamin experimental groups lasted 49,56,and 45 days,respectively.No mature eggs were observed in the control group during the trial.The absolute fecundity(AF)and relative fecundity(RF)of α-TA group was higher than that of Vcpp group but lower than that of VA group.The results suggest that different vitamins play different roles in the fi sh reproductive process.Vitamin A stimulated the maturation of the ovary,ascorbic acid prolonged the spawning period,and α-tocopherol affected the development of the eggs.