皱纹盘鲍三倍体生长的初步研究

将用低温休克法和细胞松弛素B诱导法,获得的皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)三倍体诱导群与二倍体的个体,在室内同样条件下饲育,对其生长情况进行了比较,结果表明:(1)三倍体与二倍体的当年稚鲍在壳长和体重的增长上无明显差异。(2)三倍体与二倍体的2龄鲍,在第二年前期生长无明显差异,但从第二年后期开始,三倍体的壳长、体重增长逐渐优于二倍体。(3)统计学分析表明,三倍体与二倍体的3龄鲍在体重、软体部和足肌的增长方面,存在着明显差异。(4)在室内饲育19个月的鲍,三倍体诱导群的壳长比二倍体大10.2％,体重比二倍体大20.1％,足肌湿重比二倍体大17.6％。     

An AFLP Genetic Linkage Map of Pacific Abalone （Haliotis discus hannai）

A genetic linkage map of Pacific abalone （Haliotis discus hannai） was constructed using AFLP markers based on a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy in a full-sib family. With 33 primer combinations, a total of 455 markers （225 from the female parent and 230 from the male parent） segregated in a 1 ： 1 ratio, corresponding to DNA polymorphism： heterozygous in one parent and null in the other. The female framework map consisted of 174 markers distributed in 18 linkage groups, equivalent to the H. discus hannai haploid chromosome number, and spanning a total length of 2031.4 cM, with an average interval of 13.0 cM between adjacent markers. The male framework map consisted of 195 markers mapped on 19 linkage groups, spanning a total length of 2273.4cM, with an average spacing of 12.9cM between adjacent markers. The estimated coverage for the framework linkage maps was 81.2% for the female and 82.1% for the male, on the basis of two estimates of genome length. Fifty-two markers （11.4%） remained unlinked. The level of segregation distortion observed in this cross was 20.4%. These linkage maps will serve as a starting point for linkage studies in the Pacific abalone with potential application for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.     

A review of the assessments of the major fisheries resources in South Africa

The waters off South Africa's coastline boast a rich mix of commercially fished species. Quantitative assessments of these marine resources have developed from simple methods first applied in the 1970s, to models that encompass a wide range of methodologies. The more valuable resources have undergone regular assessments in recent decades, with frequencies closely related to the management approach employed for each fishery. Many of these assessments form the operating models used to simulation-test candidate management procedures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the assessments of 11 of the most important fisheries resources in South Africa. Some assessments use simple biomass dynamics models, whereas others are a hybrid of age- and length-based models, each designed to model the specific characteristics of the resource and fishery concerned. Many of the assessments have been disaggregated by species/stock and/or area as related multispecies/stock/ distribution hypotheses have arisen. This paper explores the similarities and differences in the data available and the methods applied. The review indicates that, whereas the status of three of these resources cannot be estimated reliably at present, the status of six resources is considered to be reasonable to good, whereas that of abalone Haliotis midae and West Coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii remains poor.     

Effects of waterborne Cu and Cd on anti-oxidative response,lipid peroxidation and heavy metals accumulation in abalone Haliotis discus hannai ino

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of waterborne copper(Cu) and cadmium(Cd) on survival, anti-oxidative response, lipid peroxidation and metal accumulation in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Experimental animals(initial weight: 7.49 g ± 0.01 g) were exposed to graded concentrations of waterborne Cu(0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 mg L-1) or Cd(0.025, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5mg L-1) for 28 days, respectively. Activities of the anti-oxidative enzymes(catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidases, GPx; glutathione S-transferase, GST), contents of the reduced glutathione(GSH) and malondiadehyde(MDA) in the hepatopancreas, and metal accumulation in hepatopancreas and muscles were analyzed after 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28 days of metal exposure, respectively. Results showed that 0.04 mg L-1, 0.06 mg L-1 and 0.08 mg L-1 Cu caused 100% death of abalone on the 21 st, 10 th and 6th day, respectively. However, no dead abalone was found during the 28-day waterborne Cd exposure at all experimental concentrations. Generally, activities of SOD and GST in hepatopancreas under all Cu concentrations followed a decrease trend as the exposure time prolonged. However, these activities were firstly increased and then decreased to the control level and increased again during Cd exposure. Activities of CAT in all Cu exposure treatments were higher than those in the control. These activities were firstly increased and then decreased to the control level and increased again during Cd exposure. Contents of MDA in hepatopancreas in all Cu treatments significantly increased first and then decreased to the control level. However, the MDA contents in hepatopancreas were not significantly changed during the 28-day Cd exposure. The metals accumulation in both hepatopancreas and muscles of abalone significantly increased with the increase of waterborne metals concentration and exposure time. These results indicated that H. discus hannai has a positive anti-oxidative defense against Cu or Cd. In conclusion, anti-oxidative mechanism in abalone to resist waterborne Cu did not follow the same pattern as that for waterborne Cd.     

标记方法对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)生理、生长及存活性状的影响

皱纹盘鲍是我国重要的增养殖贝类,近年来养殖产量增长迅速,但现有养殖群体仍存在抗逆性不足、底播增养殖低效等问题。个体身份的标记技术对于皱纹盘鲍人工选育中谱系记录,以及对于底播增殖效果的精准评估等均具有重要作用。采用金属挂片和塑料黏贴标签两种标记方法,比较了标记后皱纹盘鲍生理、生长存活、标记脱落率及被敌害捕食死亡等方面的差异。研究结果表明,与塑料黏贴标签标记和无标记对照相比,金属挂片标记对皱纹盘鲍标记早期生理包括出现黏液时间、心率变化等产生显著影响,对小规格皱纹盘鲍(壳长<3 cm)造成生长下降、死亡率高等影响,而对大规格皱纹盘鲍(壳长>3 cm)标记生成60 d后长时期的生长、存活以及逃避敌害均无显著影响;塑料黏贴标签标记方法与无标记对照组相比,均未对皱纹盘鲍造成显著影响。验证了皱纹盘鲍个体水平下两种标记方法的有效性及适用性,特别是对大规格苗种标记后生长、存活等性状无显著影响。研究结果将为皱纹盘鲍人工选育以及底播增养殖等工作提供有益指导。     

九孔鲍养殖水体中产酶菌群的研究

为了解九孔鲍养殖环境中细菌生理菌群的生态作用,对分离自养殖水体的33株菌株的产酶能力和种类进行了研究。结果表明,具有分泌胞外蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶能力的菌株分别为39.4%、57.6%和30.3%;在这33株菌中,产至少一种胞外酶的菌株比例高达63.6%。API鉴定结果表明,在有能力分泌胞外蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶的菌株中,弧菌菌群所占的比例分别为46%、42%和40%,而其中河流弧菌又占各弧菌菌群比例的83.3%、62.5%和100%。充分阐明弧菌,尤其是河流弧菌为优势菌,在鲍鱼养殖微生物态中起的重要作用。     

鲍的室内人工养成技术探讨

比较了室内暗光条件下,采用网箱流水平面养殖和箱笼流水立体养殖两种养成方法,确认在现有条件下前一种方法养殖效果比较好。使用这种方法,将九孔鲍Haliolisdiversicoloraquatilis和皱纹盘鲍H．discushannai苗经过1a的养成,存活率分别为58．3％和59.65％,存活个体平均大小达到了商品鲍规格,取得了较好的经济效益。     

海水网箱养鲍诱发有机物污染的生物监测

１９９１年４～１２月,在大连湾鲍鱼（ＨａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｈａｎｎａｉＩｎｏ）养殖场的养殖区进行了底栖生物调查研究。应用生物丰度、生物量比较（ＡＢＣ）法与种内个体对数正态分布（对数－正态）法,分析研究了底栖动物群落结构的变化,对网箱养鲍诱发的有机污染进行了监测。结果表明,该水域已受到中等程度污染。该项研究还对两种生物监测方法进行了讨论。     

养鲍自污染水净化处理的初步研究

用孔石莼变异株Ulvapertusa、活性炭纤维（ACF）和二氯异氰尿酸钠（NaDDT）对养殖皱纹盘鲍HaliotisdiscushannaiIno产生的自污染水进行净化,并用于饲养幼鲍。结果表明,孔石莼变异株能有效地吸收对幼鲍生长产生影响的水化因子──氨氮、亚硝酸盐,而活性炭纤维对污水中的COD_Mn和细菌的吸附率分别达82％和99．98％,经孔石莼变异株处理后的养鲍污水与未处理的养鲍污水对幼鲍生长影响明显不同。文中同时提出了用活性炭纤维、孔石莼变异株和二氯异氰尿酸钠净化养鲍污水的循环反馈投饵养殖模式。     

Detrimental effects of reduced seawater pH on the early development of the Pacific abalone

The hatching process of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was prolonged at a pH of 7.6 and pH 7.3, and the embryonic developmental success was reduced. The hatching rate at pH 7.3 was significantly (10.8%) lower than that of the control (pH 8.2). The malformation rates at pH 7.9 and pH 8.2 were less than 20% but were 53.8% and 77.3% at pH 7.6 and pH 7.3, respectively. When newly hatched larvae were incubated for 48 h at pH 7.3, only 2.7% of the larvae settled, while more than 70% of the larvae completed settlement in the other three pH treatments. However, most 24 h old larvae could complete metamorphosis in all four pH treatments. Overall, a 0.3-unit reduction in water pH will produce no negative effect on the early development of the Pacific abalone, but further reduction in pH to the values predicted for seawater by the end of this century will have strong detrimental effects.