Evaluation of toxicity in tributaries of the Mersey estuary using the isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.)

Increasing numbers of industrial, agricultural and natural chemicals are present in sewage effluent and are known to elicit toxic effects in laboratory exposures, but little is known of their combined sub-lethal effect in the field. In this study, a combination of esterase activity and ventilation rate assays was performed to determine the neurological and physiological function of the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus (L.) at sites above and below a sewage treatment works (STW). Cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities were significantly inhibited (n=8, P<0.05) and ventilation rates increased (n=8, P=0.0001) in A. aquaticus at STW sites compared to those from reference sites, indicating a decrease in neurological and physiological function. The ecological relevance of these findings for the population dynamics of the organisms in the field is discussed.     

Analysis of ventilation shock losses by finite element method

Summary This paper presents an analysis of ventilation shock losses using the two-dimensional finite element method. It outlines the finite element formulation, in which the ventilation air flow is assumed to be a steady-state, viscous, incompressible and fully developed turbulent flow. In addition, the modified version of Van Driest model is assumed for the effective kinematic viscosity.The shock losses were estimated for the case simulating the airway configuration for (a) split, (b) junction and (c) gradual contraction. The results are compared and discussed with the shock loss data available in the ventilation literature. To estimate the shock losses, the flow solution in terms of pressure was first obtained for each airway configuration using the finite element method. The solution was then compared with that of a straight airway for estimating the difference in the head losses.     

我国城市规划中气候信息应用回顾与展望

城市规划中气候信息的应用经历了从早期的风玫瑰图利用到考虑风、温、湿、压等要素的气候适宜性分析以及目前关注城市通风环境、热环境以及污染敏感区的城市环境气候图技术的历程。气候信息获得的途径也从数量极为有限的基本气象观测站资料到空间加密的自动气象站资料、更精细的气象数值模式以及精细化地理信息技术的应用。同时,细化的技术导则和规范的建立以及不同行业间的联合发文有力推动了气候信息的实际应用。此外,研究展示了近年开展的伊犁、深圳、北京实际案例主要内容。最后,针对未来我国将根据大气环流特征和生态环境承载能力、走优化城镇空间布局和城镇规模结构的新型城镇化道路,从工作层面和技术层面给出了需要不断完善并深入研究的几个重点。     

Experimental analysis on the risk of vortex ventilation and the free surface ventilation of marine propellers

The paper presents a discussion of the ventilation inception and air drawing prediction of ships propellers, aiming to predict under what conditions ventilation will happen, and the actual physical mechanism of the ventilation.Three different types of ventilation inception mechanisms are included in our discussion: free surface vortex ventilation, ventilation by sucking down the free surface without forming a vortex as well as ventilation by propeller coming out of the water. Ventilation prediction is based on a series of model tests, where the propeller is tested in different levels of intermittent ventilation. The use of underwater video gives a visual understanding of the ventilation phenomena.Ventilation by vortex formation has analogies with other phenomena, such as the inlet vortex in pump sumps, ground vortex at the inlet of the aircraft engines and the Propeller Hull Vortex Cavitation (PHVC). The paper includes comparison between Propeller Hull Vortex Cavitation (PHVC) and Propeller Free Surface Vortex Ventilation (PFSVV) as well as comparison between PFSVV and vortex formations of aero engines during high power operation near a solid surface.Experimental data based on several different model tests shows the boundary between the vortex forming, non-vortex forming and free surface ventilation flow regimes. For comparison the following parameters, which determined the intensity of the hydrodynamic interaction between the propeller and free surface have been used: propeller load coefficient c_T, tip clearance ratio c/D, propeller submergence ratio h/R, ambient velocity V_i and flow cavitation/ventilation number σ_cav/σ_vent.     

TCM－90现场科学试验台风FLO“β陀螺”“通风流”非对称动力结构特征

采用ＴＣＭ－９０台风现场科学试验期间加密观测资料,揭示出目标台风Ｆｌｏ非对称动力、热力结构及其转向运动的特征,尤其通过分离处理的偏差场,突出了ＴＣＭ－９０现场试验有关飞机下投（ｄｒｏｐｓｏｎｄｅ）加密探测资料对台风Ｆｌｏ内部非对称结构物理图象的描述,提出了实际台风动力结构存在类似Ｇｒａｙ认为的非对称偶极子型,即中低层“β陀螺”偶极子型（β－ｔｏｐｄｉｐｏｌｅ）,及其“通风流”（Ｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎｆｌｏｗ）特征,高层辐合－辐散结构的变形偶极子系统概念模型,并认为这类三维非对称结构对台风运动（转向现象）有一定“引导”作用。文中还强调了“β陀螺”偶极子非对称结构的垂直差异,并揭示了目标台风暖心结构及其热力非对称结构特征。     

Numerical investigation of the immersion ratio effects on ventilation phenomenon and also the performance of a surface piercing propeller

Surface Piercing Propellers (SPP) show high efficiency at high advance speeds. Regarding operational conditions, this kind of propellers generate an air layer when entering the water due to the rotation of the propeller; this phenomenon is called ventilation. The ventilation phenomenon divided into some mechanism with respect to air cavity length on the propeller surface; among them are partially ventilation mechanism and fully ventilation mechanism which has great importance. In this study, using numerical simulation, we have investigated ventilation patterns and also the performance of a five-blade SPP propeller (SPP 5.74) at immersion ratio of 33, 40, 50and 70% respectively. We used Sliding Mesh Technique for modeling. Also, we applied the volume of fluid method to simulate the open surface pattern. To validate numerical results, the four-blade propeller, 841-B was simulated, and then the results of thrust and torque coefficients compared with Olofsson experimental results and validated accordingly. The findings indicate that the maximum value for thrust and torque coefficient would occur at immersion ratio of 70% and the maximum propeller efficiency occurs at immersion ratio of 33% and advance coefficient of 1.1; Moreover, the critical advance coefficient (at the partially and the fully ventilation boundary) increases by a reduction in immersion ratio, so that critical advance coefficients are 0.6 and 0.76, respectively at immersion ratios of 70 and 33%. Meanwhile, as advance coefficient increases, length of ventilation zone will decrease, and consequently the propeller will be laid on partial ventilation zone.     

天津市超高层建筑暖通空调设计气象参数评估

利用255m天津气象塔数据定量评估了建筑暖通空调设计气象参数随高度的变化及其对设计负荷的影响,建立了一种气温垂直模型,明确了该模型可推算超高层建筑室外气温,基于此推算超高层建筑暖通空调室外设计气象参数。结果表明:在5—200m处,供暖设计温度、冬季空调室外设计温度和夏季空调室外设计干球温度均随高度降低,200m与5m高度处相比,分别降低2.0℃、1.4℃和2.8℃,导致供暖和冬季空调设计负荷分别增加5.78%和1.36%,而夏季空调设计负荷减少5.85%。基于气温垂直模型得到的200—500m气温数据计算气象参数,发现从200m到500m,供暖设计温度、冬季空调室外设计温度和夏季空调室外设计干球温度均随高度降低,降幅分别为0.52℃/100m、0.50℃/100m和0.66℃/100m。本研究表明,基于地面2m高观测数据计算的建筑暖通空调设计气象参数无法满足超高层建筑暖通空调设计需求,应充分考虑气象参数的垂直变化,选择合理的气象参数,为超高层建筑暖通空调设计提供基础,以保证室内热舒适环境达标,达到降低建筑能耗的目的。     

双热带气旋相互作用的研究

采用无基本气流的无辐散正压模式模拟了双热带气旋的运动。应用非对称理论研究了双热带气旋的相互作用。双热带气旋中的每个热带气旋主要由通过其中心的非对称气流（即通风气流）作用而移动。这股非对称气流是由其自身的线性和非线性效应产生的非对称涡旋与其配对热带气旋形成的非对称涡旋相叠加而引起的。     

Prediction Of Air-Pollution Episodes

Mathematical models that can properly predict dispersion and transport ofatmospheric pollutants are an essential element in the development of warningand control strategies. Proper forecasts of atmospheric boundary-layer heightand its vertical mean wind speed provide a basis for predictions of air-pollutionconcentrations under meteorological conditions that vary horizontally, vertically,and temporally.A prognostic model is developed to predict the ventilation factor using forecast valuesof meteorological elements normally provided from meteorological agencies, in addition to specifications of terrain. Therefore, the ventilation factor and concentrations of pollutants could be predicted. Subsequent to the dependence of the present method on easily obtainable data, it avoids the non-generality and uncertainty followed from the application of some empirical relations. Even more, the method seems to provide high accuracy in validity tests.     

乌鲁木齐市日最大边界层高度变化特征分析及其与空气质量的关系

利用2007—2017年乌鲁木齐市L波段探空雷达和地面常规观测数据,以Holzworth干绝热曲线原理,估算该地逐日最大边界层高度,并计算对应的边界层平均风速和通风量等数据。同时,应用2015—2017年空气污染指数(AQI),探讨空气质量与大气边界层参数的关系。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市日最大边界层年均高度为1415 m,总体上呈下降趋势,平均降幅为5. 9 m·a^-1。时间序列上,日最大边界层高度分布呈明显周期性。逐月数据呈"抛物线"状,1月平均高度最低(336 m),6月平均高度最高(2400 m)。冬季边界层平均风速最小,为2. 6 m·s^-1,春季和夏季最大,均为5. 6 m·s^-1。一年中,1月平均通风量最小,为977. 0 m^2·s^-1,5月平均通风量最大,为14835. 9 m^2·s^-1,4—9月为平均通风量大值期,平均通风量为13282. 3 m^2·s^-1。大气污染物在风速弱、边界层高度低和通风量小条件下的累积,易造成中度以上污染。冬季,乌鲁木齐常处于蒙古高压后部或底部,为造成冬季污染严重的重要原因之一。