Danian cool-water coral reefs in southern Scandinavia localised over seafloor highs

Danian (Paleocene) reefs formed by ahermatypic scleractinian corals in relatively deep water are known in a few localities in southern Scandinavia. Reflection and shallow seismic profiles, and samples from drilling and scuba diving in bridge pier excavations in Øresund, the strait between Denmark and Sweden, for the first time allow interpretation of the factors that controlled the localisation of the reefs.     

夏季西风带定常扰动对东北亚阻塞高压的影响

利用ECMWF 1980～1988年9年的格点资料，分析了定常扰动与东北亚阻塞高压之间的关系。分析结果表明:定常扰动的分布对阻塞高压维持日数有着重要的影响，定常扰动的季节变化可以很好地说明阻塞高压冬季多在太平洋和大西洋上发生和维持，而夏季多在东北亚地区发生和维持的特征。此外，从定常扰动的分布可以看到，不仅中高纬地区上空的正距平强度可以影响着阻塞高压的发生和维持，其南侧的负距平强度也同样重要地影响着阻塞高压。分析结果还表明:不仅定常扰动的水平结构对阻高有着重要影响，其垂直结构亦有着重要影响。最后，对夏季定常扰动进行了波数域分析，表明在夏季定常扰动的作用主要通过其中所包含的行星波、特别是行星波1波来实现，定常扰动中行星波部分的振幅变化是影响阻塞高压发生和维持的重要物理机制。     

四种客观定量表征阻塞高压方法的对比分析

已有的阻塞高压客观定量化表征方法可归纳为距平方法、 T&M方法、 动力学方法和环流型方法四种。以2008年1月1日~2月2日中国持续性低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间的阻塞高压事件为例, 利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析等压面资料, 检验对比了上述四种方法的优点与缺点。结果表明, 每种方法都有其优点和局限性, 表明仅以某种标准或公式的客观方法实现对多种形态的阻塞高压的精确识别是极其困难的。同时还指出, 研究者和业务技术人员在了解各种阻塞高压客观表征方法的优、 缺点基础上, 针对具体需求选取适合的方法, 也可以结合实际情况予以改进, 都将可能获得更好的应用效果。     

南北半球副热带高压对赤道东太平洋海温变化的响应

本文利用1974年1月到1996年12月重分析(NOAANCEP-NCARCDAS-1)全球500hPa位势高度场资料,及同期赤道太平洋各海区SST资料,研究了南北半球副热带高压的变化特征及其对赤道东太平洋SST变化的响应。结果表明,全球副热带高压的变化及对SST的响应,在南北两个半球有很好的一致性。全球副热带高压强度的变化与超前3个月SST的正相关最为显着。对SST响应最强烈的区域主要在南北纬30°之间的低纬,低纬地区局地SST对副热带高压也有强烈的影响。从10°到30°纬度,对SST的响应分别落后于赤道2～9个月。在中、高纬大气环流的响应表现为波列特征,对暖SST及冷SST的响应波列基本相反,但对暖SST的响应更为显着。海温和副热带高压的月际持续性有明显的季节变化,副热带高压9-10月的相关障碍可能与NinoC区SST8-9月的相关障碍低点有关。     

POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSO AND BLOCKING IN KEY REGIONS OF EURASIA

Using reanalysis data provided by the U.S.National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,the potential relationship between the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and blocking highs in three key regions of Eurasia (Ural,Baikal,and Okhotsk) from 1950 to 2008 is analyzed.Composite analysis of 500 hPa geopotential height field during different stages of ENSO reveals that in the winters of El Ni?o (EN) years,there is significant negative anomaly of geopotential height in the three key regions.In the winters of La Ni?a (LN) years,on the other hand,significant positive anomaly of geopotential height is observed in Eastern Ural,Baikal,and Okhotsk.In summer,Okhotsk exhibits positive anomaly,which is significant at a confidence level of 90% by Student’s t-test during the developing stage of an LN year.In the developing stage of an EN year,geopotential height field at 500 hPa manifests positive (negative) anomaly in Baikal (Ural and Okhotsk),while the geopotential height field at 500 hPa exhibits positive (negative) anomaly in Ural and Okhotsk (Baikal) during the decaying stage of both EN and LN years.However,these abnormities are insignificant in a developing EN year,decaying EN year,and the summer of a decaying LN year.By analyzing 500 hPa geopotential height field during different phases of the ENSO cycle,it is observed that results of the case study are consistent with those of composite analysis.Annual average blocking is likewise examined during the different stages of ENSO from 1950 to 2008.Combined with composite analysis and case study,results indicate that blockings in the three key regions are suppressed (enhanced) during the winters of EN (LN) years.In summer,the influence of ENSO on the blockings in the three key regions is not as significant as that in winter.Evidently,developing LN may enhance blockings in Okhotsk.Influence factors on blockings are various and complex.This paper indicates that the influence of ENSO on blockings cannot be neglected,and that it is crucial to related operational forecasting as a potential signal.     

Variations in Isochore Thickness of the Ecca Sediments in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, as Deduced from Gravity Models

Gravity modelling was carried out along five profiles that traverse the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in order to determine the depositional surface and isochore thickness of the Ecca sediments.Gravity models of the subsurface rock density reveal that the Ecca Group has a maximum vertical thickness of about 3215 ± 160 m.The maximum depositional surface(elevation)above sea level for the Ecca sediments is about 500 m,whilst the depth below sea level reaches about10000 m.Correlation of the isochore thickness maps with the depositional surfaces shows that the sediments in the basement highs were subsided,deformed,eroded and deposited in the basement lows.The basement highs served as the source area(s) for the sediments in the basement lows,thus basement highs are characterized with thin sediment cover whilst the lows have thick sediment cover.     

2008年华南西部罕见低温冷害天气成因分析

利用ECMWF和Micaps提供的常规观测资料,对2008年1月华南西部遭遇50年罕见的低温雨雪冰冻极端天气事件过程进行分析。结果表明：蒙古横槽南压分裂小槽东移,使地面冷高压强度突然增强并爆发南下,是造成华南西部寒潮天气的起因;北半球中高纬度出现双阻型高压(乌拉尔山阻高和阿留申群岛阻高),使大气环流形势异常稳定,是导致低温雨雪冰冻天气持续性的直接原因;低纬度南支低压槽活跃,西南暖湿空气不断向我国南方输送,华南西部低空相对湿度大,水汽辐合条件及上升运动都对阴雨天气的维持有利;在850 hPa华南上空形成一支稳定的强锋区,大气层出现近地面冷、中层暖、高层冷的结构,加剧了雨雪冻雨的形成。     

江淮梅雨季亚洲阻塞高压活动统计特征

利用1960—2018年6—7月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和同期中国国家气象站日降水量资料,对江淮梅雨季亚洲地区阻塞高压活动地理分布、关键区阻塞高压事件活动频次、生命周期以及年际和年代际变化,及其与江淮梅雨异常的关系进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）近59年江淮梅雨季（6—7月）,亚洲阻塞高压事件共计363次,其中心主要分布在乌拉尔山区域（40°—80°E）、贝加尔湖区域（80°—120°E）和鄂霍次克海区域（120°—160°E）3个关键区。（2）3个关键区阻塞高压事件的次数和累计日数由高到低依次为:鄂霍次克海、乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖区域。双阻塞形势以乌拉尔山-鄂霍次克海双阻居多,约占亚洲地区双阻日数的60%。阻塞事件的平均生命周期7 d左右,最长维持时间为13 d。（3）3个关键区总的及分区的阻塞次数和日数都有明显的年际变化并呈增加的趋势,其中线性增加趋势最为明显的是鄂霍次克海区域,与近59年江淮梅雨季的累计雨量增加趋势一致。（4）江淮梅雨季降雨量多寡与阻塞高压活动密切相关,梅雨正（负）异常年鄂霍次克海区域、乌拉尔山-鄂霍次克海双阻日数和次数显著偏多（偏少）,而乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖区域的阻塞高压事件与梅雨关系并不显著。（5）江淮梅雨季鄂霍次克海阻塞高压的日数多寡可能与前期海表温度异常信号ENSO有关。      

Geometry and kinematics of the Andean thick-skinned thrust systems: Insights from the Chilean Frontal Cordillera (28°–28.5°S), Central Andes

The structure of the Chilean Frontal Cordillera, located over the Central Andes flat-slab subduction segment (27°–28.5°S), is characterized by a thick-skinned deformation, affecting both the pre-rift basement and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic infill of the NNE-SSW Lautaro and Lagunillas Basins, which were developed during the Pangea-Gondwana break-up. The compressive deformation show a complex interaction between Mesozoic rift structures and thrust systems, affecting a suite of Permo-Triassic (258–245 Ma) granitic blocks. We used a combination of geological mapping, new structural data, balanced and restored cross sections and geochronological data to investigate the geometry and kinematics of the Andean thick-skinned thrust systems of the region. The thrust systems include double-vergent thick-skinned thrust faults, basement-cored anticlines and minor thin-skinned thrusts and folds. The presence of Triassic and Jurassic syn-rift successions along the hanging wall and footwall of the basement thrust faults are keys to suggest that the current structural framework of the region should be associated with the shortening of previous Mesozoic half grabens. Based on this interpretation, we propose a deformation mechanism characterized by the tectonic inversion of rift-related faults and the propagation of basement ramps that fold and cut both, the early normal faults and the basement highs. New U–Pb ages obtained from synorogenic deposits (Quebrada Seca and Doña Ana formations) indicate at least three important compressive pulses. A first pulse at ∼80 Ma (Late Cretaceous), a second pulse related to the K-T phase of Andean deformation and, finally, a third pulse that occurred during the lower Miocene.