Encystment and excystment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gyrodinium instriatum</Emphasis> Freudenthal et Lee

In the present study, we have investigated the conditions influencing encystment and excystment in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum under laboratory conditions. We incubated G. instriatum in modified whole SWM-3 culture medium and in versions of modified SWM-3 from which NO₃ ⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, NO₃ ⁻ + PO₄ ³⁻, or Si had been omitted and observed encystment. Percentage encystment was high in the media without N and without P, while the percentage encystment in the medium lacking both N and P was highest. Moreover, to investigate N or P concentration which induced the encystment, Gyrodinium instriatum was also incubated in media with different concentrations of inorganic N and P; the concentrations of NO₂ ⁻ + NO₃ ⁻ and PO₄ ³⁻ were measured over time. The precursors of cysts appeared within 2 or 3 days of a decrease in NO₂ ⁻ + NO₃ ⁻ or PO₄ ³⁻ concentration to values lower than 1 μM or 0.2 μM, respectively. When cysts produced in the laboratory were incubated, we observed excystment after 8–37 days, without a mandatory period of darkness or low temperature. We incubated cysts collected from nature at different temperatures or in the dark or light and observed excystments. Natural cysts excysted at temperatures from 10 to 30°C, in both light and dark, but excystment was delayed at low temperatures. These studies indicate that G. instriatum encysts in low N or P concentration and excysts over a wide temperature range, regardless of light conditions, after short dormancy periods.     

生活史(休眠孢囊)作为甲藻有害藻华年际频发和地理扩散的一种关键机制的研究进展

过去几十年,中国近海有害藻华的发生频率、规模和面积不断增大, 对我国水产养殖业、渔业和近岸生态系统造成了重大损失和威胁。 在引起有害藻华的众多原因中,藻华甲藻的特殊生活史策略,尤其是形成休眠孢囊,提供了一种关键的机理,因为孢囊的形成过程常伴随着基因重组从而增加了藻华藻的生态适应性;孢囊厚的囊壁增加了其对不利环境条件的耐受性;厚的囊壁使其免于病原体感染和捕食攻击;孢囊的适时萌发为藻华提供了“种源”;孢囊可通过自然或人为原因如船舶压舱水传播从而扩大了其地理分布。我们综述并讨论了甲藻生活史和孢囊研究的如下几个重要方面：１）甲藻生活史的复杂性和有关甲藻孢囊概念及归类的争议;２）沉积物中孢囊“作图（cyst mapping）”在藻华模型和预测（报）中的重要性以及孢囊分布/丰度与藻华规模耦合关系的复杂性和条件依赖性;３）孢囊形成和萌发的若干影响因子及其复杂性和可变性;和４）最近些年来分子生物学技术和各种组学手段在甲藻生活史和孢囊研究中的部分应用,特别是植物激素在孢囊形成、萌发过程中的可能作用。在简要评述了国际、国内有关研究历史中的路标性成果后,最后强调了四个值得重视的研究方向。