煤的镜质组平均反射率绝对标准差(R_(o,sd))作为配煤参数的应用

由于煤的镜质组平均反射率不能精确反映镜质组中反射率的分布状况,因此在配煤炼焦研究中,利用镜质组平均反射率作配煤参数往往会有一定的偏差。通过对北京焦化厂原料煤的深入研究和实验,笔者提出一个新的煤岩配煤参数,即煤的镜质组平均反射率绝对标准差（Ro,sd）。该参数是一个将镜质组反射率分布图量化的参数,既可反映煤的变质程度,又能反映原料煤的镜质组反射率分布特征。经验证,利用该参数作为配煤参数能取得更佳炼焦效果。     

Characterization of humic substances by advanced solid state NMR spectroscopy: Demonstration of a systematic approach

Characterization of humic substances is challenging due to their structural complexity and heterogeneity. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is regarded as one of the best tools for elucidating structures of humic substances. The primary solid state NMR technique that has been used so far is the routine ¹³C cross polarization-magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) technique. Although this technique has markedly advanced our understanding of humic substances, the full potential of NMR for characterizing humic substances has yet to be realized. Recent technical developments and applications of advanced solid state NMR have revealed the promise to provide deeper insights into structures of humic substances. In this paper, we summarized and demonstrated the systematic solid state NMR protocol for characterization of humic substances using a humic acid as an example. This protocol included (1) identification of specific functional groups using spectral editing techniques, occasionally assisted by ¹Hsd/entities/sbnd" class="glyphImg">¹³C two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation (2D HETCOR) NMR, (2) quantification of specific functional groups based on direct polarization-magic angle spinning (DP-MAS) and DP-MAS with recoupled dipolar dephasing, combined with spectral editing techniques, (3) determination of connectivities and proximities of specific functional groups by ¹Hsd/entities/sbnd" class="glyphImg">¹³C 2D HETCOR or 2D HETCOR combined with spectral editing techniques, and (4) examination of domains and heterogeneities by ¹Hsd/entities/sbnd" class="glyphImg">¹³C 2D HETCOR with ¹H spin diffusion. We used a soil humic acid as an example to demonstrate how this protocol was applied to the characterization of humic substances step by step. Afterwards, based on typical ¹³C NMR spectra of humic substances we described how we could combine different NMR techniques to identify specific functional groups band by band from downfield to upfield. Finally, we briefly mentioned the potential new NMR techniques that could be developed to enrich the current systematic protocol. This systematic protocol is not only applicable to humic substances but also to other natural organic matter samples.