Mitigation of municipal solid waste leachate contamination at Payatas, Metro Manila, Philippines： A technical proposal

The gross environmental condition of the Payatas Disposal Facility in Metro Manila, Philippines, implores the need for sustainable technologies to control and abate toxic municipal solid waste leachate and protect public health. A team of environmental engineers recognized this need by selecting the site as a design project for the Mondialogo Worldwide Engineering Award, sponsored by the United Nations and Daimler Chrysler. The project culminated in a technical proposal that highlighted the following design features： an impermeable dumpsite cap to control leachate generation; vertical impermeable barriers for containment and isolation of leachate; a drainage system to divert clean, surface water from the cap and prevent its contamination prior to discharge; a leachate recirculation system to enhance stabilisation of the waste deposit; and a facultative lagoon and constructed wetland system to treat excess leachate.     

被污染土壤的植物修复研究

植物修复是利用植物吸收、降解、挥发、根滤、稳定、泵吸等作用机理,达到去除土壤、水体中污染物,或使污染物固定以减轻其危害性,或使污染物转化为毒性较低化学形态的现场治理技术.植物修复对于重金属污染土壤的治理修复具有重要意义.已有研究在累积与超累积植物的寻找筛选、植物对重金属等有害物的耐毒和解毒机理、植物修复现场环境调控及根际处理技术等方面取得了大量成果.现代分子生物学、基因工程技术发展有可能使植物修复技术取得重大突破.     

环境硒污染的植物修复研究进展

硒污染已成为全球性的环境问题,严重威胁人类健康和环境安全。本文概述了环境硒污染植物修复技术的研究进展,包括硒富集植物的应用、富集硒的机理及生物技术对它们的改造。指出了当前研究在硒富集植物富集机理及田间应用时的不足;并展望了今后如何进一步寻找和使用生物技术培育硒超富集植物、探求富集机理和田间试验。     

石油污染湿地土壤生物修复研究进展

从石油污染湿地土壤生物修复的植物修复、微生物修复和植物—微生物联合修复3方面综合阐述了国内外该领域的研究现状。在采用植物进行石油污染湿地修复时,选择湿地环境下典型植物或者能适应湿地特殊环境的植物品种是常用的也是有效的方法之一。在采用微生物进行石油污染湿地修复时,主要通过投加外源微生物和改变环境因素或施加营养元素刺激土著微生物等方式。植物—微生物联合修复石油污染湿地的方法,则是利用微生物自身作用促进植物生长,从而增加植物吸收、降解污染物的能力。由于植物或微生物的生长对污染物浓度有一个耐受极限,植物和微生物修复的效果主要取决于石油污染物浓度。为此,将湿地的石油污染浓度降到植物—微生物可降解范围内,并提高联合修复的降解效率,将是今后石油污染湿地土壤生物修复研究的重点。     

根际环境锌镉镍的形态变化与植物有效性

以抚顺西露天采场60平盘5种修复植物根际与非根际土为研究对象，运用顺序提取实验和数理统计分析方法研究了根际与非根际土中Zn、Cd、Ni的形态分布与植物有效性。结果表明，Zn、Ni在根际与非根际土中主要以硫化物态存在；而Cd在非根际土中以硫化物态为主，在根际土中以可交换态和松、紧有机态为主。与Ni相比，非根际土中Zn的紧有机态、氧化物态和Cd的紧有机态、氧化物态、可交换态比例明显偏大；与非根际土相比，根际土中Zn的铁锰氧化物态和硫化物态含量增加，碳酸盐态含量降低，松有机态、紧有机态和可交换态Zn在不同植物根际变化不同。Cd的硫化物态降低，可交换态、松有机态、碳酸盐态、氧化物态和紧有机态含量在不同植物根际变化不同。Ni的紧有机态显著增加，可交换态、碳酸盐态和硫化物态明显降低，松有机态在不同植物根际变化不同；根际Cd的碳酸盐态增加和氧化物态降低有利于植物Cd的吸收；碳酸盐态Zn的减少可促进植物Zn的增高。     

凤眼莲净化水中重金属的研究

通过静态水培养实验探讨了凤眼莲对水中重金属离子铅、锌、铬的短期去除能力．实验表明：凤眼莲对这3种重金属的耐受能力和去除能力都是Pb（Ⅱ）〉Cr（Ⅲ）〉Zn（Ⅱ）;pH值、凤眼莲生物量以及重金属离子的初始浓度对净化效果均有明显的影响;其中凤眼莲对含铅水溶液有很好的净化效果,经过4天的培养,300g凤眼莲对4 L浓度为5—30mg／L的铅离子溶液的去除率均可达到99％．因此,凤眼莲在植物修复重金属污染水体方面具有很大的潜能．     

漂浮植物修复技术净化城市河湖水体试验研究

阐述了漂浮栽培植物修复系统的技术原理、特点与系统组成, 研究了在该系统中种植美人 蕉和旱伞草2 种植物的生长状况以及这些植物对城市河湖水体中氮、磷等的净化效果。尝试了将 漂浮栽培植物与生物接触氧化技术结合起来, 并研究了植物与生物填料的组合系统对水质的改 善效果。结果表明, 美人蕉和风车草在漂浮植物修复系统对氨氮的去除率均在90%以上, 漂浮栽 培植物与软性填料的组合系统对水中COD_Mn 的去除率达46%以上。     

Effects of the addition of complexants and bacteria on the soil-plant transfer at metal contaminated sites

Within a series of pot experiments with substrates sampled at heavily to moderately polluted sites of past metal mining activities, it was tried to influence the soil plant transfer of metals via addition of complexants, soil bacteria and perlite. Lettuce （lactuca sativa） was chosen as a universal accumulator plant. A wide range of concentrations in the samples ensures a rather general approach. The goal was to develop a strategy to enable plant growth at metal contaminated substrates for phytoremediation purposes. One contaminated mine tailing from Shiheung/Korea was treated with EDTA, NTA, citric acid, malic acid, NaCl, citrate＋NaCl, as well as compost, to provoke effects from chemical treatment. This should yield low molecular metal complexes in the soil solution and provide a carbon source to natural soil life. Other samples from Shiheung, from Okdong mine tailings, Okdong farmland, as well as from three contaminated sites from a medieval mine tailing at Oberzeiring/Styria/Austrias were treated with Cd- adapted soil bacteria, perlite, and soil bacteria and perlite, to impose of changes in microbial life directly. Fresh mine tailings are low in microbial life and plant- available nitrogen, whereas in the contaminated Austrian medieval samples, conditions have had time to adapt for more than 600 years. In the test substrates, supply with nutrient nitrogen was low, supply with nutrient phosphorus was low to adequate, and supply with potassium and sulfate was adequate. Effects of various additives on the plant yield mainly depend on the initial nutrient status. After harvest, the soils were parted in root soils and bulk soils to recognize possible differences. The lettuce plants were parted in leaves and roots. The solids were characterized by convential methods and aqua regia digestion, as well as by a Tessier-type sequential leaching procedure. The plant samples were digested with HNO3/HClO4. Basically, sample solutions were simultaneously read for 23 elements in ICP-OES in appropriate dilutions. Various treatments result in concentration shifts in root soil, bulk soil, plant roots and plant leaves. Interpretation is not easy, but physiologically active elements or contaminants are usually more involved.     

大气污染植物修复的机理和影响因素研究

利用植物修复技术来治理大气污染是近年来国际上正在加强研究和迅速发展的前沿性新课题。通过分析国内外利用植物修复大气污染的研究现状和趋势,认为可以有意识地选择单一或者组合的野生植物和人工植物对大气污染进行修复。详细介绍了植物修复大气污染物的过程和主要机理,利用植物对大气污染物的吸附吸收、降解、转化、同化等功能,净化大气。气候条件、植物和污染物自身性质是影响植物修复的主要因素,并注意到大气污染植物修复存在的问题。