Revisiting Sustainable Development of Dry Valleys in Hengduan Mountains Region

Dry valleys are a striking geographic landscape in Hengduan Mountains Region and are characterized by low rainfall, desert type of vegetation and fragile environment. Past efforts and resources have been concentrated mainly on rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem and fragile environment, particularly reforestation, while socio-economic development has been largely overlooked. Despite successes in pocket areas, the overall trend of unsustainability and environmental deterioration are continuing. It is important to understand that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is the root cause of development of dry valleys, and development and formation of dry valleys is a natural process. Human intervention has played a secondary role in development of dry valleys and degradation of dry valleys though human intervention in many cases has speeded up environmental degradation of the dry valleys. It is important to understand that dry valleys are climatic enclaves and an integrated approach that combines rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and socio-economic development should be adopted if the overall goal of sustainable development of dry valleys is to be achieved. Promotion of niche-based cash crops, rural energy including hydropower, solar energy, biogas and fuelwood plantation is recommended as the priority activities.     

地学在加拿大近海渔业生产和管理中的作用

地学在近海渔业管理中的应用虽是个刚刚兴起的研究领域，但已向人们展示了它令人振奋的成果。通过分析地学成果的获取、表达及地球物理技术的进展情况，介绍了加拿大地学专家如何成功地将地学成果应用于指导近海渔业捕捞，以及如何利用地学知识评价不同捕捞器材对环境的影响。     

雾水的D和18O同位素研究进展

凝结水的D、¹⁸O同位素研究目前主要集中在雾水方面,露水和土壤吸附水的相关研究仍属空白。由于形成时的温度较高,大多数雾水的D、¹⁸O同位素较当地雨水富集,但不同类型雾的同位素特征存在差异。平流式海洋雾为单级的蒸发—冷凝封闭循环系统的首次凝结,D、¹⁸O同位素较当地雨水显著富集;热带云雾林中的地形雾与降雨同时发生,且水分源于同一云团,δD、δ¹⁸O值差异较小;内陆辐射雾因部分水汽源于当地水分的再循环,过量氘和δD、δ¹⁸O值高于降雨。目前有少量研究用D、¹⁸O同位素指示雾水对植被、地下水和地表径流的补给作用,但以定性分析为主,基于端元混合模型的定量评价极少。露水和土壤吸附水的稳定同位素研究是干旱区凝结水研究的重要方向;D、¹⁸O同位素与其它同位素或化学指标的结合有助于促进凝结水生态水文效应的研究进展;短间隔、高密度的长期观测和用于稳定同位素分析的凝结水采样器的设计是需要进一步开展的工作。     

Laboratory study of the rates and products of the phototransformations of naphthalene adsorbed on samples of titanium dioxide,ferric oxide,muscovite, and fly ash

The photodegradation of naphthalene (NPH), chosen as a model of polynuclear aromatic pollutants, has been studied in the presence of a layer of four water-insoluble inorganic solids which can be found in the troposphere (TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, muscovite, and a fly ash sample). Direct photolysis of NPH is negligible at >340 nm. Dark adsorption of NPH on TiO₂ (mainly anatase, nonporous, 50 m² g^–1) at 293 K corresponds to a surface coverage ofca. 50% at equilibrium. Under these conditions (saturated surface), the stationary-state photocatalytic degradation reaches 0.4 molecule nm^–2 h^–1 (>340 nm, radiant fluxca. 22 mW cm^–2). Dioxygen is required and its partial pressure in air is such that the degradation is zero order in O₂. Water vapor markedly increases the rate. The other particulates have also an effect, less important than that of TiO₂, however quite noticeable with respect to surface area unit for the fly ash sample which contains 3.2% Fe₂O₃. Apart from 1,4-naphthoquinone, which is the main intermediate product in all cases, 2-naphthol, phthalide, phthaldialdehyde, phthalic acid, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid are also formed on dry TiO₂. Depending on their volatility, these compounds are transferred to the gas phase or remain principally adsorbed on the solid particles where they are further transformed. For instance, phthalic acid (or anhydride) and benzoic acid are generated from 1,4-naphthoquinone. Degradation mechanisms are briefly discussed.     

基于角色的土地利用规划管理信息系统访问控制模型设计与实现

土地利用规划系统中敷据众多,空间数据库权限管理任务繁重。笔者提出以土地利用规划管理为业务主线,面向事务和角色管理的县级土地利用规划管理系统中基于角色的访问控制模型。实践表明,该模型减轻了系统日常维护管理负担,降低了对系统管理员的要求。     

黑龙江东安金矿潜火山岩的控矿作用

东安金矿是黑龙江省发现的大型浅成低温热液低硫化物型金矿床。赋存于中生代潜流纹岩和晚印支期碱长花岗岩接触外带的断裂系统中，近矿围岩硅化强烈、冰长石化发育。通过对潜火山岩的控矿作用研究，认为该区钙碱性中酸性潜火山岩是成矿的重要条件。     

Origin of Grandite Garnet in Calc-Silicate Granulites: Mineral-Fluid Equilibria and Petrogenetic Grids

The role of clinopyroxene in producing grandite garnet is evaluatedusing data from an ultrahigh-temperature metamorphosed calc-silicategranulite occurrence in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India. ‘Peak’pressure–temperature conditions of metamorphism were previouslyconstrained from associated high Mg–Al granulites as c.0·9 GPa, >950°C, and the rocks were near-isobaricallycooled to c. 750°C. Grandite garnet of variable compositionwas produced by a number of reactions involving phases suchas clinopyroxene, scapolite, plagioclase, wollastonite and calcite,in closely spaced domains. Compositional heterogeneity is preservedeven on a microscale. This precludes pervasive fluid fluxingduring either the peak or the retrograde stage of metamorphism,and is further corroborated by computation of fluid–rockratios. With the help of detailed textural and mineral compositionalstudies leading to formulation of balanced reactions, and usingan internally consistent thermodynamic dataset and relevantactivity–composition relationships, new petrogenetic gridsare developed involving clinopyroxene in the system CaO–Al₂O₃–FeO–SiO₂–CO₂–O₂in T–aCO₂–fO₂ space to demonstrate the importanceof these factors in the formation of grandite garnet. Two singularcompositions in garnet-producing reactions in this system arededuced, which explain apparently anomalous textural relations.The possible role of an esseneite component in clinopyroxenein the production of grandite garnet is evaluated. It is concludedthat temperature and fO₂ are the most crucial variables controllinggarnet composition in calc-silicate granulites. fO₂, however,behaves as a dependent variable of CO₂ in the fluid phase. Externalfluid fluxing of any composition is not necessary to producechemical heterogeneity of garnet solid solution. KEY WORDS: grandite garnet; role of clinopyroxene; internal buffering; oxidation–decarbonation equilibria     

汤原断陷断裂构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

汤原断陷是典型的受断裂控制的陆相盆地。盆地内断裂极为发育。断裂的发育主要有 Ｎ Ｅ向和 Ｎ Ｗ － Ｎ Ｗ Ｗ 方向,断裂的分布具有东西分带,南北分群的特征。按断裂的成因类型可划分出７ 种类型。断裂对油气生成、运聚及成藏的控制作用主要表现在：基底大断裂控制了烃源岩的展布,主干断裂控制了圈闭的形成和分布,断裂为油气运移提供了通道作用,断裂的封闭性为油气的聚集成藏提供了遮挡条件。     

山东英格庄金矿床构造控矿特征及深部预测

英格庄金矿床位于山东牟乳金矿带巫山断裂的南缘,其围岩主要以古老变质岩与昆嵛山花岗岩为主,为含金石英脉型金矿。文章通过对英格庄金矿床控矿断裂发展史以及断面几何形态与金矿体赋存位置关系的研究,发现矿体在断层带中的分布具有规律性。深部地球化学原生晕研究表明,英格庄金矿床Bi与Hg关系非常密切,是金矿化的最佳指示元素,且在已知矿体下方出现前缘晕与尾晕相互叠加的现象。结合矿体在断裂中分布的规律以及原生晕特点,对英格庄矿床深部第二富集段进行了预测,并预测在-220m下有第二金富集段存在,且具有很大的经济价值。     

思普地区地震活动和地质构造的相关性研究

红河断裂是云南主要的区域大断裂,区内现代构造运动强烈,但其南段长期无中强地震发生,而离它仅１００ｋｍ的滇西南思普地区地震活动却异常强烈,本在前人工作的基础上,研究了滇西南地区地壳构造和地震活动特点,用人工地震测探等方面的实际资料进一步证实了思普地区存在地较大规模的北东向断层,并提出北东向断层的思普地区地震活动中起重要控制作用的结论。