非海相沉积层序的成因和构型特征

根据东部盆地的地质、地球物理特征,初步对非海相层序地层学应用研究进行了总结.非海相沉积层序的形成要素,既有外旋回、又有自旋回,构造和气候因素很重要,强调了环境因素.沉积基准面在海上为海平面,在陆上为潜水面、湖平面、河流平衡剖面.相对基准面的周期性变化引起了可容纳空间的周期性变化,并由之形成了一系列旋回式的层序.大多数情况下内陆基准面的变化不受海平面变化的控制,在全球最大海泛期有某种联系.湖盆小而沉积速率高,形成层序的频率高于海相.以沾化凹陷为依据,提出了5种层序构型特征:冲积-河湖型,(半)盐湖-淡水湖泊过渡型,海流-深湖型,半深湖-缓坡型,河流-冲积平原型.在盆地主要发育期,断阶式坡折对沉积体系有明显的控制作用.除低水位扇外,低水位楔是构成隐蔽圈闭或复合圈闭的有利场所。     

松辽坳陷深水湖盆层序界面特征及低位域沉积模式

白垩系青山口组到嫩江组沉积时期,松辽盆地为深水坳陷湖盆,沿长轴方向为缓坡,而在短轴方向为陡坡。缓坡条件下,三级层序界面表现为沉积相带的迁移,地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征不明显,陡坡条件下,三级层序界面不仅表现为沉积相带的迁移,而且在地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征十分明显。在层序内部均可识别出低位域、水进域和高位域。在层序的低位域,沿盆地长轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道十分发育,在河口的前方形成分布较广、相对较薄的河口坝、远砂坝沉积及湖底扇;沿短轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道不发育,而发育河口坝和远砂坝,向湖区方向,过渡为前三角洲和深湖沉积,在前三角洲和深湖沉积区发育大量重力流成因的湖底扇。     

Late Quaternary Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Bengal Shelf

An ultra-high-resolution seismic study of the eastern Bengal Shelf with the parametric narrow-beam echosounder Parasound allows the interpretation of late Quaternary depositional patterns in terms of seismic stratigraphy. Accommodation space was still present on the outer shelf during the last lowstand, where a prograding delta developed in the western survey area. Oolitic beach ridges were later formed on top of this lowstand delta. Farther east, large parts of the shelf were exposed to subaerial erosion and a river system extended seaward across the area. A subaqueous highstand delta prograded southwards following the maximum transgression about 7,000 years ago. Its foreset beds exhibit acoustic voids very likely generated by sediment liquefaction, possibly caused by episodic energetic events such as major cyclones and/or earthquakes. Bottomset sediments extend seaward close to the shelf break in the west, whereas no Holocene sediments cover the outer shelf in the east.     

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组沙三段沉积期湖岸线的变化及岩相古地理特征

东濮凹陷沙三段地层为深水相暗色泥岩与砂岩频繁互层及深水相暗色泥岩与盐膏岩频繁互层.这种砂体是东濮凹陷很重要的含油气储层。过去这种砂体往往按照静态的模式被解释为重力流成因,随着勘探的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明这些砂体中存在着牵引流和暴露地表的标志,其成因和沉积模式需要重新认识。东濮凹陷沙三段沉积时期,湖平面变化频繁,有长周期,也有短周期。根据录井、电性及岩心等资料识别出湖平面变化的5级周期,其变化频率约为1000次/Ma。根据计算,东濮凹陷沙三段沉积时期湖水最大深度为30 m。高水位沉积期,湖岸线距盆地中心较远,盆地沉积中心发育暗色泥岩夹薄层碳酸盐岩,盆地边缘发育粗碎屑岩沉积;水位下降期,边缘相砂体不断向盆地中心进积;低水位期湖岸线向盆地中心退缩了1030 km,盆地沉积中心发育盐膏岩沉积,盐膏岩的周围发育低水位三角洲、扇三角洲和滨湖滩坝相的粗碎屑岩体。正是由于湖平面的变化引起的湖岸线迁移,导致高水位沉积期和低水位期湖盆的岩相古地理面貌发生很大的变化,根据这种动态的模式来预测砂体的分布,在指导油气勘探中产生了明显的效果。     

Holocene transgression of the Rhine river mouth area,The Netherlands/Southern North Sea: palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy

This study presents a detailed reconstruction of the palaeogeography of the Rhine valley (western Netherlands) during the Holocene transgression with systems tracts placed in a precise sea‐level context. This approach permits comparison of actual versus conceptual boundaries of the lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The inland position of the highstand Rhine river mouth on a wide, low‐gradient continental shelf meant that base‐level changes were the dominant control on sedimentation for a relatively short period of the last glacial cycle. Systems in such inland positions predominantly record changes in the balance between river discharge and sediment load, and preserve excellent records of climatic changes or other catchment‐induced forcing. It is shown here that the transgressive systems tract‐part of the coastal prism formed in three stages: (i) the millennium before 8·45 ka bp , when the area was dominated by fluvial environments with extensive wetlands; (ii) the millennium after 8·45 ka, characterized by strong erosion, increasing tidal amplitudes and bay‐head delta development; and (iii) the period between 7·5 and 6·3 ka bp when the Rhine avulsed multiple times and the maximum flooding surface formed. The diachroneity of the transgressive surface is strongly suppressed because of a pulse of accelerated sea‐level rise at 8·45 ka bp . That event not only had a strong effect on preservation, but has circum‐oceanic stratigraphical relevance as it divides the early and middle Holocene parts of coastal successions worldwide. The palaeogeographical reconstruction offers a unique full spatial–temporal view on the coastal and fluvial dynamics of a major river mouth under brief rapid forced transgression. This reconstruction is of relevance for Holocene and ancient transgressive systems worldwide, and for next‐century natural coasts that are predicted to experience a 1 m sea‐level rise.     

琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究

运用当代层序地层学的原理和方法, 综合分析了地震、测井、岩心等资料, 发现琼东南盆地经历了早期裂陷和晚期坳陷两大发育历程, 相应划分出TejasA和TejasB两个超层序组; 与盆地非海相、海相过渡相、生长断层、缓坡和被动大陆边缘背景演化阶段相匹配, 形成了5个超层序.以不整合及其与之可以对比的整合为三级层序边界, 识别出19个层序, 含5 7个体系域、5 4个以上准层序组、196个以上准层序.在盆地的不同演化阶段, 沉积层序的不同点主要在于低水位体系域包含的沉积体系不同.在恢复古地理环境的基础上, 提炼出有关沉积层序模式.根据可容纳空间分析, 编制了本区海平面升降曲线, 发现陵水中期、梅山早期和莺歌海早期三次大的海泛与全球变化完全合拍.在纵向上, 海进体系域至密集段生烃潜力最强, 空间上以外陆架-大陆坡最好, 其次为滨沼或海陆过渡相.指出了陆架坡折附近的低水位楔和斜坡扇是值得注意的隐蔽圈闭勘探目标.      

陆相断陷盆地层序类型与隐蔽油气藏勘探——以南堡凹陷古近系为例

以南堡凹陷高分辨率三维地震、测井和丰富的地质资料为基础, 运用高精度层序地层分析方法, 结合盆地构造和沉积充填特征的研究, 在南堡凹陷古近系识别出了1个超层序组、4个超层序、11个三级层序, 在柳北扇三角洲体系可划分出6个四级层序.根据古构造坡折带控制层序类型和层序构成模式的思路, 通过南堡凹陷古近系同沉积构造发育特征的分析, 认为南堡凹陷古近系存在同沉积断裂坡折带和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折带2种类型, 由此决定了南堡凹陷古近系主要发育了同生断裂坡折型层序和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折型层序, 建立了这2种类型层序体系域构成模式.其中同生断裂坡折型层序和同沉积背斜挠曲坡折型层序的低位域砂体及高位域砂体成藏条件优越、地震剖面易于识别, 是隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要目标.      

从浅水陆架走向深水陆坡--南海深水扇系统的研究

南海深水扇系统是近年来在南海海域的重大发现,证实自30Ma以来深水扇系统密集地分布在我国的近海海域内,并以其宏大的规模、典型的结构及巨大的勘探前景引起国内外的关注。深入展开深水扇系统的研究将是我国油气界与科学界的重大任务。近20年来,深水扇系统已成为国际石油产量与储量增长的主体,已经有60多个国家进行深水扇研究,并在国际学术界获得高度重视。据认为:“深水浊流及其有关储层在今后至少25年内将成为油气勘探开发研究的前缘”。南海珠江口盆地深水扇系统发育区域的地质条件与国际上已有重大油气发现的深水扇系统发育区有许多重要的相似。古珠江大河充足的物源供应,长期沉降的深水凹陷与海平面周期性下降是纵向上呈良好叠置状态的深水扇系统发育的要素;而立足于精度较好,保真程度较高的高分辨地震剖面是识别层序界面,识别低水位体系域,辨识陆架坡折带的技术关键,这就使研究领域从浅水陆架进入到深水陆坡。应当给深水扇系统赋予科学的定义;然而国际学术界对深水扇系统的沉积物性质、类型及预测方法技术存在争议。但是,毫无疑义的是,深水扇系统具有可识别性,它对油气的运移、聚集、隐蔽圈闭的形成以及指导油气勘探有着重要的意义。     

用微体古生物定量水深法对东营凹陷沙四上亚段沉积早期湖泊水深再造

东营凹陷广布的始新统沙河街组四段上亚段滩坝砂岩具有十分巨大的勘探价值和潜力。对沙河街组沙四上亚段滩坝砂体的精细勘探,要求对古水深展开水深量化再造的研究。文中在对东营凹陷47口含沙四上亚层段低位域层段多门类微体古生物分析和高分辨层序地层学地层划分基础上,确定量化估计水深的古生物替代标志,获得如下主要研究成果:(1)获得较高分辨率(2m等深线表示)的东营凹陷沙四上亚段低位体系域沉积期间古水深量化等值图;(2)东营凹陷是一个以滨浅湖(水深0～15m)为主的湖泊;(3)湖盆具"北深陡南浅缓"的特点,湖边高地或隆起向湖方向深入的岬角一带与陡坡冲积环境相邻;(4)湖盆凹陷内"东西分异"的次级地貌格局,从东向西,出现较深水区、中央深水区和西南浅水带,其长轴均为北东-南西走向。上述结果可与前人研究比较或验证,表明文中所获的多门类微体化石叠合水深量化标志和结果可信。     

Paleoshorelines and lowstand sedimentation on subtropical shelves: a case study from the Fraser Shelf,Australia

Evidence of submerged paleoshorelines on tectonically stable continental shelves is represented by relict coastal depositional features that formed during periods of lower sea level. This study investigates two paleoshoreline features that extend 70?km from the Barwon Bank along the southeast Fraser Shelf, off eastern Australia. They are defined by well-lithified, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposits now at water depths of 60?m and between 80 and 100?m, located approximately 40?km seaward of the modern shoreline. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry data show geomorphic features that we interpret as paleodunes in the case of the 60?m feature, and paleobarriers in the case of the 80–100?m feature. Sub-bottom profiles also show evidence of prograded beach foresets and paleochannels as components of the Barwon Bank, which is a low and elongate bank that rises about 30?m above the surrounding shelf to a depth of 60?m. Carbonate cements in the rocks forming the paleoshoreline features reveal diagenetic influence of meteoric waters, suggesting that subaerial processes contributed to the formation and preservation of both features. Radiocarbon dating of bioclastic grains (coralline algae, benthic forams) yields an age range between 22.8 and 20.4?ka for the paleobarrier, and an age of 17.3?ka for the paleodune. The morphology of the submerged paleodunes is analogous to modern parabolic dunes on nearby Fraser and Moreton islands. The position and morphology of the paleodunes provide proxy information about the climate history of Australia during the late Quaternary, as these dunes are a likely consequence of the general continent-wide aridity during the Last Glacial Maximum. The preservation of the eolian dunes during marine transgression, despite their direct exposure to coastal hydrodynamic processes, suggests that the dunes were armoured, stabilised and lithified during the glacial lowstand, prior to drowning.