存储式钻孔测量仪的研制与应用

CE-1型存储式磁敏钻孔测斜仪及QXY-5型存储式钻孔倾斜仪采用智能传感器、数据采集系统、大容量存储芯片,具有小巧轻便、功能强大、测试数据准确性高、稳定性好的特点,实现了数据的自动采集、记录和存储。介绍了CE-1型存储式磁敏钻孔测斜仪及QXY-5型存储式钻孔倾斜仪的研制和实际应用情况。     

采用钻孔倾斜仪监测滑坡深部水平位移方法和仪器的研究

介绍了目前滑坡深部水平位移钻孔倾斜仪人工监测方法存在的问题,钻孔深部位移自动化监测通信方法的选择。地质滑坡灾害监测中广泛使用钻孔倾斜仪,介绍了CZ-2型钻孔倾斜仪的构成及现场测试方法。     

Further evidence for non-reemergence of winter SST anomalies in the North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water area

Following our previous study (Sugimoto and Hanawa, 2005b), we further investigate the reason why reemergence of winter sea surface temperature anomalies does not occur in the North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water (NPESTMW) area, despite its occurrence in the North Pacific subtropical mode water and North Pacific central mode water areas. We use vertical temperature and salinity profiles of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program and Argo floats with high vertical and temporal resolution, together with heat flux data through the sea surface. We point out first that one of the causes for non-occurrence of reemergence is that the thickness of NPESTMW is very thin. In addition to this basic cause, two major reasons are found: a vigorous mixing in the lower portion of NPESTMW and less heat input from the atmosphere in the warming season. Since, in the lower portion of NPESTMW and deeper, the stratification is favorable for salt-finger type convection to occur compared with the other mode water areas, vigorous mixing takes place. This is confirmed by both a large Turner Angle there and the existence of staircase structures in vertical temperature and salinity profiles. From the viewpoint of heat input, the NPESTMW area gradually gains heat in the warming season compared with other mode water areas. As a result, NPESTMW cannot be capped so quickly by the shallow summer mixed layer, and water properties of NPESTMW are to be gradually modified, even in the upper portion.     

Long-term Sensor Drift Found in Recovered Argo Profiling Floats

We recovered three Argo profiling floats after 2 to 2.5 years of operation, and recalibrated their temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors. The results demonstrate that these floats exhibited a significant drift in salinity of −0.0074 to −0.0125, primarily due to the conductivity sensor drift. Combined with the recalibration result for another previously recovered float, the indication is that the negative salinity drift increases nearly in proportion to the operating period of floats. The increasing rate is −0.0041 (±0.0015) year⁻¹, which yields a salinity drift of −0.016 (±0.006) for the expected float lifetime of four years. The present result suggests that reducing the float surfacing time would improve the accuracy of the salinity measurements.     

Preconditioned Optimizing Utility for Large-dimensional analyses (POpULar)

I present the derivation of the Preconditioned Optimizing Utility for Large-dimensional analyses (POpULar), which is developed for adopting a non-diagonal background error covariance matrix in nonlinear variational analyses (i.e., analyses employing a non-quadratic cost function). POpULar is based on the idea of a linear preconditioned conjugate gradient method widely adopted in ocean data assimilation systems. POpULar uses the background error covariance matrix as a preconditioner without any decomposition of the matrix. This preconditioning accelerates the convergence. Moreover, the inverse of the matrix is not required. POpULar therefore allows us easily to handle the correlations among deviations of control variables (i.e., the variables which will be analyzed) from their background in nonlinear problems. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of POpULar, we illustrate two effects which are often neglected in studies of ocean data assimilation before. One is the effect of correlations among the deviations of control variables in an adjoint analysis. The other is the nonlinear effect of sea surface dynamic height calculation required when sea surface height observation is employed in a three-dimensional ocean analysis. As the results, these effects are not so small to neglect.     

应用Argo资料分析西北太平洋冬、夏季水团

应用Argo剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料,分析了西北太平洋海域冬、夏季的温、盐度分布、水团结构及其分布。首先采用T-S点聚图法分析了该海域水团分布的基本情况,由点聚分析结果可知,该海域至少存在6种以上水团;再用模糊聚类软化法对水团作进一步划分,分别计算了该海域6至11类水团的F和△F值,结果表明,冬、夏季的△F值都以划分为8类时为最大,这与大洋水团的稳定性是一致的,因此,该海域冬、夏季水团以划分为8类最佳,它们分别是北太平洋热带表层水、北太平洋次表层水、北太平洋中层水、北太平洋副热带模态水、北太平洋深层水和赤道表层水,以及南太平洋次表层水和南太平洋中层水。     

参考数据集对Argo剖面浮标盐度观测资料校正的影响

国际Argo计划采用新颖的Argo剖面浮标来监测全球大洋中上层的变化,对浮标盐度观测资料进行质量控制是非常重要的。本文采用历史水文观测资料集得到的温-盐度(-S)关系,并利用Wong等人开发的WJO延时模式盐度校正方法,对电导率传感器出现漂移、偏移等故障的Argo剖面浮标盐度资料进行校正。对影响校正结果的历史水文资料集(或参考数据集)的选取进行了初步研究,并在不同的海区进行试验。结果表明,选取合适的参考数据集可以提高盐度校正的精度。     

Stability of Temperature and Conductivity Sensors of Argo Profiling Floats

After recalibration of the temperature and conductivity sensors of three Argo profiling floats recovered after operations for four to nine months, the results indicate that the floats basically showed no significant drift, either in temperature or salinity, and adequately fulfilled the accuracy requirement of the Argo project (0.005°C for temperature and 0.01 psu for salinity). Only the third float showed a significant offset in salinity of about −0.02 psu, as expected from comparison between the float data and the shipboard conductivity-temperature-depth data. This offset was caused by the operational error of the PROVOR-type float, in which the surface water was pumped immediately after the launch, fouling the conductivity sensor cell. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Slope inclinometers for landslides

Slope inclinometers/indicators are used to determine the magnitude, rate, direction, depth, and type of landslide movement. This information is usually vitally important for understanding the cause, behavior, and remediation of a landslide. However, many inclinometer measurements fail to achieve these intended aims because of lack of appreciation of the many factors that need to be correctly implemented during installation, monitoring, and data reduction to yield useful data. This paper presents some guidelines for understanding, installing, and interpreting slope inclinometers and presents three case histories that illustrate some of the pitfalls that can develop if these guidelines are not followed.     

全球Argo资料共享与服务平台设计与实现

Argo资料已成为海洋环境和气候变化研究重要的实测资料来源和基础数据支撑。自2007年全球Argo实时海洋观测网建成以来,每年产生的Argo资料稳固增长,数据总量呈现出海量增长趋势,如何实时有效地对Argo数据进行组织管理与信息服务已成为当前Argo资料共享的关键难题。本文针对Argo数据多源异构的时空特性及多元化的信息服务需求,综合运用分布式混合数据库架构,设计了一种适用于全球Argo资料组织管理的弹性扩展云存储模型,建立了基于Matlab的Argo网格化产品高效可视化方法,构建了基于Flex RIA的WebGIS服务框架,并研制了"全球Argo资料共享与服务平台"实例。平台实现了对全球Argo资料的查询浏览、快速下载及可视化分析等功能,并已在中国Argo实时资料中心部署及对外服务。