Multi‐Criteria Analysis for Optimization of Sodium Chromate Production from Chromic Waste

The proposal of application of multi‐criteria analysis and technological quality method for optimization of technological processes on the case study of sodium chromate production variants from waste was presented. The research on the use of chromic waste for the production of sodium chromate made it possible to determine the optimal process parameters. Technological quality method was used to define the value of criterions for multi‐criteria analysis while multi‐criteria analysis allowed determining the impact of criterions weights for ranking variants of technological process. Both methods in a complex way evaluate the degree of modernization of technologies, describing them qualitatively within the area of environmental, technical, and the economic effects of the proposed technological variants. Based on the proposed evaluating criteria both methods yield comparable results. The most advantageous alternatives provided realization of the sodium chromate production process with the use of in‐process recycling of chromic mud, off‐site recycling of chromic tannery waste and on‐site recycling of waste from the old chromic heaps.     

铬酸根离子在羟基铁离子-蒙脱石体系中的吸附行为研究

采矿、电镀、制革等行业废物排放及含Cr矿物风化可造成一些地区土壤和地下水的Cr污染 .Cr主要以三价和六价形式存在 ,其中Cr(Ⅵ )有强的迁移能力 ,对动植物均有很强的毒害性 .研究了在氧化、酸性条件下 ,土壤及土壤溶液中的蒙脱石和羟基铁离子共存时对铬酸根离子 (主要以HCrO2 - 4和CrO2 - 4等Cr(Ⅵ )形式存在 )的吸附行为 .进行了蒙脱石、羟基铁离子、Cr(Ⅵ )离子添加顺序不同的 3个系列的实验 ,重点研究了Cr的初始质量浓度、溶液 pH值、环境温度、吸附时间、溶液离子强度对 3个系列Cr吸附行为的影响 ,并与羟基铁离子体系进行了对比 .结果表明 ,蒙脱石 -羟基铁离子体系的Cr吸附能力明显强于蒙脱石而低于羟基铁离子 ,其Cr吸附率随Cr初始质量浓度、温度的升高和吸附时间的延长而降低 ,随离子强度的升高而升高 ,而pH值对不同系列的Cr吸附率有不尽相同的影响 .     

低聚合羟基铁-蒙脱石复合体吸附铬酸根的实验研究

摘要：在模拟的酸性土壤条件下，利用制备的低聚合羟基铁蒙脱石复合体对铬酸根进行吸附实验。重点研究了吸附条件对复合体铬吸附能力的影响，对比了蒙脱石和含水氧化铁。结果表明，实验条件下复合体有较强的铬吸附能力，其铬吸附量低于铁沉积物而明显高于蒙脱石。铬初始质量浓度是影响复合体铬吸附量的最主要因素，离子强度次之。吸附时间(12h以上)、温度、pH值对复合体铬吸附量的影响很小；说明在酸性土壤条件下，复合体有强且稳定的铬吸附能力。     

磷酸根、铬酸根离子在低聚合羟基铁离子-蒙脱石复合体系中竞争吸附行为的实验研究

在模拟的氧化、酸性土壤条件下，用制备的低聚合羟基铁离子-蒙脱石复合体对磷酸根、铬酸根离子的竞争吸附进行实验研究发现：磷酸根离子和铬酸根离子的不同用量、不同添加顺序对竞争吸附的影响。并与蒙脱石和含水氧化铁对磷酸根离子、铬酸根离子的竞争吸附行为进行了对比。研究表明：在实验条件下，磷酸根离子、铬酸根离子在低聚合羟基铁离子蒙脱石复合体表面存在弱的竞争吸附现象。由于低聚合羟基铁离子蒙脱石复合体具有对磷酸根稍强的亲和性，在竞争吸附中，磷酸根离子处于稍有利的位置。     

Evaluating the transport and removal of chromate using pyrite and biotite columns

To remove chromate from a wastewater, a porous permeable reactive barrier system (PRBS), using pyrite and biotite, was adapted. This study included bench‐scale column experiments to evaluate the efficiency of the PRBS and investigate the reaction process. The total chromium concentration of the effluent from the biotite and pyrite columns reached the influent concentration of 0·10 mM after passing through more than 150 pore volumes (PVs) and 27 PVs respectively, and remained constant thereafter. The Cr^VI concentration in the effluent from the biotite column became constant at about 0·08 mM , accounting for approximately 80% of the influent concentration, after passing through 200 PVs. Moreover, in the pyrite column, the Cr^VI concentration remained at about 0·01 mM , 10% of the input level, after passing through 116 PVs. This shows that both columns maintained their levels of chromate reduction once the Cr^VI breakthrough curves (BTCs) had reached the steady state, though the steady‐state output concentration of total chromium had reached the influent level. The variances of the iron concentration closely followed those of the chromium. The observed data for both columns were fitted to the predicted BTCs calculated by CXTFIT, a program for estimating the solute transport parameters from experimental data. The degradation coefficient µ of the total chromium BTCs for both columns was zero, suggesting the mechanisms for the removal of chromate limit the µ of the Cr^VI BTCs. The Cr^VI degradation of the pyrite column (6·60) was much greater than that of the biotite column (0·27). In addition, the Cr^VI retardation coefficient R of the pyrite column (253) was also larger than that of the biotite column (125). The R values for the total chromium BTCs from both columns were smaller than those of the Cr^VI BTC. Whereas the total chromium BTC for the pyrite column showed little retardation (1·5), the biotite column showed considerable retardation (80). The results for the 900 °C heat‐treated biotite column were analogous to those of the control column (quartz sand). This suggests that the heat‐treated biotite played no role in the retardation and removal of hexavalent chromium. The parameters of the heat‐treated biotite were calculated to an R of 1·2 and µ of 0·01, and these values confirmed quantitatively that the heated biotite had little effect on the transport of Cr^VI. These solute transport parameters, calculated by CXTFIT from the data obtained from the column tests, can provide quantitative information for the evaluation of bench‐ or field‐scale columns as a removal technology for Cr^VI in wastewater or contaminated groundwater. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低聚合羟基铁离子-蛭石复合体吸附铬的实验研究

将提纯的镁型蛭石与羟基铁离子溶液作用,制备低聚合羟基铁一蛭石复合体。用化学分析、电子探针分析、粉晶X射线衍射分析、差热分析等手段对蛭石原样、低聚合羟基铁一蛭石复合体进行表征。在模拟实际土壤酸度（pH=4～7）和温度（20℃～40℃）条件下,进行低聚合羟基铁蛭石复合体吸附有害元素铬的实验,探讨复合体的铬吸附能力与pH值、温度、吸附时间、铬初始质量浓度、离子强度间的关系,并与蛭石的铬吸附行为进行对比。研究表明,在实验条件下,低聚合羟基铁一蛭石复合体对铬具有明显的亲和力,低聚合羟基铁蛭石复合体吸附铬的过程有可能是地表岩石和土壤中重要的地球化学过程,是影响铬在地表,特别是土壤中迁移、富集的重要因素．     

铬酸中和法去除铬酸钠电解液中硅的实验研究

基础原料铬酸钠的质量直接影响后续系列铬盐产品的品质。电化学氧化技术获得的铬酸钠电解液中可溶性硅在后期系列铬酸盐的制备过程中无法从自体系中去除,会残留在最终产品中进而影响后续铬盐产品的质量。为提高以铬酸钠电解液为原料制备的三氧化二铬产品品质,研究了以铬酸为酸化剂,调节铬酸钠电解液pH去除硅的方法。结果表明,优化反应条件:铬酸钠电解液pH=8,反应温度30℃,反应时间16 h,搅拌速度300 rpm。在此条件下,铬酸钠电解液中二氧化硅浓度降至200 mg/L以下。以除硅后的铬酸钠电解液为原料制备的三氧化二铬纯度达99.43%,满足颜料级三氧化二铬纯度要求(≥99.00%)。