Changes to cadmium associations in canal sediments on drying and oxidation

The mainly 19th Century canal system in the UK, largely managed by British Waterways, has been increasingly brought back into operation over the last few decades, and is now widely used for both leisure, and, increasingly, transport. Both initial and routine dredging of the canal sediment is carried out and these sediments are generally disposed of to land. Because many of the canals were connected with primary industries, their sediments can locally be significantly contaminated with heavy metals, and the behaviour of these metals under differing redox conditions, when introduced into a new environment （i.e., on land） is of importance for environmental risk-assessment purposes. Canal sediments are often rich in sulfidic mineral phases, and we have attempted to quantify the influence of these sulfidic phases on the release and retention of metals in dredged canal sediments, using a combination of traditional chemical techniques （e.g. sequential extraction） and X-ray absorption spectroscopy （XAS）. Sediment samples have been collected from urban fresh-water canals, one in the British Midlands and one in Northern France. It appears from XAS that Cd is largely associated with oxygen in air-dried sediment, and with sulphur in vacuum-dried sediment.     

The colonization of periphytic diatom species on artificial substrates in the Ashar canal, Basrah, Iraq

Studies have been conducted between March 1993 and March 1994 in the Ashar canal, a backwater of the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Using artificial substrates, the colonization and development of seventy-five diatom species belonging to twenty genera could be revealed. Taxa apportionment varied seasonally as well as within each season. A few species have been found during all experiments. These are Amphora ovalis, Bacillaria paradoxa, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cymbella ventricosa, Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides, Rhoicosphenia curvata, and Synedra ulna. The occurrence of B. paradoxa in Experiment 1 (March-April 1993) and Experiment 4 (end of January to beginning of March 1994) was higher than 50%. Similarity of species increased towards the end of each season, and the communities from experiments 1 and 4 were more similar than others. The experiments also suggest that week 4 represents the equilibrium phase while week 6 reflects the increase in biological interactions. The results could also indicate the sequence of primary colonizers and the community development towards the equilibrium.     

寒区渠基黏土热参数最优概率分布

为分析寒区渠基黏土热参数的随机分布特征及概率分布模型,以寒区渠基黏土的导热系数为样本,结合经典分布拟合法、多项式逼近法、最大熵法和正态信息扩散法,分别对寒区渠基黏土热参数的概率分布规律进行了研究。首先通过分析热参数的离散性,并比较概率分布曲线、拟合检验值和累计概率分布值,对不同方法描述热参数随机性的优劣进行了评价;然后,基于寒区渠基黏土热学参数对温度的敏感性,提出了一个可以达到理想拟合精度的寒区渠基黏土热参数概率推断的区间取值标准。研究结果表明：寒区渠基黏土的热参数具有随机变量的特征;正态信息扩散法可以描述热参数样本的随机波动性;在4种方法中,正态信息扩散法的拟合精度最高。使用3.5σ法,将[μ-3.5σ,μ+3.5σ]（μ为随机变量的均值,σ为标准差）作为概率函数推断时的取值区间,同时考虑偏度的影响,可使得累计概率值达到1.000 0的精度,能够较准确地推断热参数的概率分布函数。     

Sea navigation, challenges and potentials in South East Asia: an assessment of suitable sites for a shipping canal in the South Thai Isthmus

This paper discusses the situation of sea navigation in south East Asia focusing on the Strait of Malacca. The strait links the Indian and Pacific oceans, which is considered one of the busiest in several narrow channels around the world. The paper highlights the significance of the strait to global maritime trade, volume of traffic, and rising environmental and social consequences in the strait. A feasibility study of constructing a new shipping canal in the South Thai Kra Isthmus as an alternative option of Malacca route had been studied since 19th century. The paper explores suitable sites for a potential shipping canal in the Kra Isthmus using physiographic spatial data i.e., elevation, sea charts, geology, soils and river systems. Each spatial data was considered as a separate decision variable for site evaluation. Separate evaluation criterions were prepared for each variable based on shipping canal requirements. Overlaying the maps in GIS environment, the variables were carefully evaluated, and five geographic sites for the canal were derived. The length of the shipping canal over sea and land was computed for each site. Site B located in south of Ranong and Chumphon provinces, was the shortest one, whereas site C in Surat Thani, Pangnna and Krabi provinces was the longest. However, each site consisted of benefits and constraints.     

谈地下水数学模型在南干渠灌区中的预测与应用

地下水数学模型是用数学方法表述,经过概化地下水系统,在系统分析地下水补、径、排的基础上,对地下水预测分析的一种有效方法.随着南干渠灌区建成后水量的变化,本文通过选用适宜的数学模型,对灌区地下水资源量进行模拟计算,根据模拟计算结果对灌区地下水升幅进行预测,对灌区生态环境的变化做出评价.     

池养条件下军曹鱼仔鱼的消化道内容物

采用光镜解剖观察的方法对池塘培育的1~20日龄军曹鱼仔鱼消化道内容物的种类、数量和大小进行研究。结果显示:军曹鱼仔鱼于2日龄开口,主要摄食桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体及枝角类;在2~20日龄阶段,桡足类在军曹鱼仔鱼食谱中占据主要成分;从13日龄开始摄食虾、蟹类幼体等大型浮游动物,两个阶段的食物选择性指数存在显著差异。     

薄壁结构砼的裂缝与处理

分析了万年闸船闸砼工程结束后薄壁砼结构墙体出现大面积贯通性裂缝的发生原因,提出了修复裂缝的工艺方案,总结了预防此类裂缝发生的有效措施。     

鸿沟引水口与渠首段经流考辩

鸿沟是先秦至魏晋时期中原地区一条重要的人工运河,对古代北方地区水运交通有着极其深远的影响。但其引水口和渠首段经流的问题,至今仍存歧见。本文在实地考察的基础上,通过对史料及考古资料的系统梳理与分析,深入探讨了战国至魏晋时期鸿沟引水口与渠首段经流的变迁过程,结果表明：① 战国时期,魏国在荥阳一带的实际控制线当在魏长城以西,包括当时的卷邑、衍邑等,魏惠王初开鸿沟运河时,其渠首段是利用流经魏国境内的济隧河道,而不是利用流经韩国境内的荥渎河道;② 秦兼并六国过程中,消除了国界的障碍,并在广武山设置了敖仓,为水运转输方便,遂将引水渠道西移至距敖仓较近的荥渎河道,并在荥口设置水门,以控制航运;③ 东汉后期,荥渎被黄河泥沙侵淤,鸿沟渠首段再次西迁至有柳泉、广武涧等清澈溪水注入的石门水河道,并一直沿用至隋开通济渠。     

不同因素对排水沟渠水平冻胀力的影响

多年冻土地区的排水沟渠经常遭受水平冻胀力的破坏,严重影响构筑物的服役性能。根据青藏高原多年冻土区路基坡脚U型槽排水沟渠的现场试验,并通过数值计算与理论分析,分析了结构埋深、粗颗粒换填范围以及结构形式对其温度场和水平冻胀力的影响。结果表明：改变工况,对土体温度场分布的形状影响较小,仅对其大小有一定影响。不同工况下水平冻胀力均沿深度非均匀分布,最大水平冻胀力主要出现在结构中部,而其上部和下部较小,结构侧壁在1/2至1/3处易发生冻胀破坏。梯形结构所受的水平冻胀力较U型结构增大13%～15%左右,但其分布形式基本相同。因此,U型结构在降低水平冻胀力方面优于梯形结构。随着换填范围增大,排水沟渠的水平冻胀力最大值逐渐减小;对于埋深1.7 m的排水沟渠来说,其侧边的0～2.8 m是影响水平冻胀力的主要换填宽度范围,而当换填宽度超过2.8 m后,水平冻胀力几乎不再降低。     

灌区中居民点与水土资源邻近关系——以张掖绿洲为例

干旱区内陆河流域的核心在于水,核心区域在于绿洲。灌区是构成绿洲的最基本单元。论文应用最邻近距离指数(NNI),分析了张掖绿洲灌区中居民点与水浇地及渠系之间的空间耦合关系,结果表明:在张掖大小共39个灌区中,有22个灌区的NNI值<0.5,灌区中居民点总体表现为聚集分布态势,但空间差异明显,沿山灌区居民点聚集程度明显高于绿洲中腹灌区,映射出不同灌区水资源的基本约束力。从微观角度考察,居民点与水浇地、渠系、道路之间的平均临近距离从沿山独立灌区-绿洲边缘灌区-绿洲中腹灌区逐步增加,说明沿山灌区水浇地、渠系与居民点的关系更密切。灌区中居民点与渠系、水浇地表现出显著的"亲水型"和"亲地型","质点"(居民点)-"廊道"(渠系和路网)-"域面"(土地)之间存在非常密切的相互依存关系。