对虾养殖生态系中有机碳的初步研究本研究由

对于围隔养殖对虾生态系中有机碳的变动进行了研究 ,结果表明 :溶解有机碳 (DOC)含量波动在 5 .2 99～ 13.39mg/ L之间 ,平均为 8.5 3mg/ L± 2 .2 5 mg/ L;颗粒有机碳 (POC)含量波动在0 .6 5～ 6 .6 3mg/ L之间 ,平均为 3.2 5 mg/ L± 1.76 mg/ L;总有机碳 (TOC)含量波动在 6 .92～ 2 0 .0 2mg/ L之间 ,平均为 11.78mg/ L± 3.82 mg/ L ;其中 DOC∶ POC∶ TOC为 0 .72∶ 0 .2 8∶ 1。各种有机碳组分的含量明显高于自然海水中各种有机碳的含量 ;各种有机碳组分的含量在养殖期间总体上呈上升的趋势 ;其变化与 DCOD的变化呈显著线性正相关的关系。     

Deposition Rates of Terrestrial and Marine Organic Carbon in the Osaka Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan, Determined Using Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Ratios in the Sediment

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (¹³C and ¹⁵N) of surface sediments were measured within Osaka Bay, in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, in order to better understand the sedimentation processes operating on both terrestrial and marine organic matter in the Bay. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N of surface sediments in the estuary of the Yodo River were less than –23 and 5 respectively, but increased in the area up to about 10 km from the river mouth. At greater distances they became constant (giving ¹³C of about –20 and ¹⁵N about 6). It can be concluded that large amounts of terrestrial organic matter exist near the mouth of the Yodo River. Stable isotope ratios in the estuary of the Yodo River within 10 km of the river mouth were useful indicators allowing study of the movement of terrestrial organic matter. Deposition rates for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) over the whole of the Bay were estimated to be 63,100 ton C/year and 7,590 ton N/year, respectively. The deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be 13,200 (range 2,000–21,500) ton C/year for the whole of Osaka Bay, and terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be about 21% (range 3–34) of the TOC deposition rate. The ratio of the deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon to the rate inflow of riverine TOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were estimated to be 19% (range 3–31) and 76% (range 12–100), respectively.     

Sources and hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in Quaternary sediments: A synthesis of studies from the Central Gulf of California

Deep sea drilling in the Central Gulf of California, a young and active spreading centre, shows that the high heat flow typical of these regions causes extensive alteration of sediment organic matter, especially near sills and above magma chambers where hydrothermal activity is concentrated. Even on the nearby passive margin, where there are no sills, heat flow is moderately high and hydrocarbon generation has begun in immature sequences. Migrating light hydrocarbons are detected especially where hydrothermal activity is concentrated. Thermogenic methane is more widespread, though not in the passive margin bordering the spreading centre. Despite the incidence of hydrocarbon generation and migration, the amounts of hydrocarbons involved are relatively small and apparently do not lead to commercially significant accumulations of petroleum.The organic matter in these sediments is mostly marine because the Gulf of California generally has low runoff from land and highly productive surface waters. Turbidites rich in terrigenous organic material are locally abundant in the mainly pelagic section in the Guaymas Basin. The highest concentrations of organic matter are found in laminated diatomites deposited on the Guaymas passive margin within the oxygen minimum zone.     

成都经济区黄壤土壤剖面Pb形态分布特征及其影响因素

土壤剖面中不同形态铅迁移转化及其影响因素的研究对于了解Pb的土壤地球化学行为具有非常重要的意义。以四川省成都经济区农田生态系统黄壤剖面中不同形态Pb分布特征为例,探讨黄壤剖面中不同形态Pb的迁移转化影响因素及其生态危害性。结果表明:在黄壤剖面中,Pb总量表现为表层富集、深层稳定的特点;弱有机结合态含量表现为表层富集、深层稳定的特点,其他形态Pb含量剖面分布特征不明显;土壤中的Pb主要是以铁锰氧化态和残渣态为主,其他形态Pb含量所占比例较小;成土过程中,随着Pb总量的增加,稳定态Pb含量增加,而活动态相对减少;土壤pH值对各形态Pb含量分布影响较大,尤其是对碳酸盐结合态的影响显著;土壤总有机碳也是影响土壤中各形态Pb含量分布的重要因素之一,尤其是对有机结合态Pb含量影响显著;而随着土壤熟化程度的增加,黄壤剖面中的活动态含量增加,稳定态减少;剖面中的Pb迁移系数和生物可利用系数均较小,说明Pb不易向下迁移,容易在表层富集,对植物及人类有一定的危害。     

一万年以来西安地区古土壤特征与气候波动变化研究

通过对西安李湾全新世黄土剖面微结构的研究,结合磁化率、TOC、CaCO3方法,发现古土壤S0是由两层土壤S10和S20构成的复合土壤,是森林植被下形成的具有强粘化和淋溶作用的棕壤类型.尽管有人类活动的影响,土壤S0以上部分仍继承了风积黄土的基本特征.初步揭示了关中地区一万年在6000-5000 aB.P. 出现的第一次干旱事件,3100年以来,是全新世以来又一个相对干旱的时期.     

页岩气水平井TOC测井评价新方法

由于存在地层缺失、井眼穿层不断变化、重点层段测井曲线较少、井眼环境复杂、测井响应值与储层参数关系较为复杂等特点,页岩气储层水平井测井解释难度较大。针对该问题,本文采用“水平井钻遇地层模型—水平井间及水平井与直井响应差异分析—水平井曲线校正—基于直井的参数评价模型”的评价技术流程,进行页岩气水平井TOC测井评价。在测井评价中,针对响应规律复杂的特点,采用直方图法进行测井响应规律分析,同时考虑到水平井测井曲线较少,为了综合利用测井曲线信息,结合曲线重叠方法提出双重信息融合评价模型。结果表明,本方法在充分分析测井响应差异的基础上对水平井测井曲线进行校正,且提出的双重信息融合模型具有能充分利用测井信息、评价精度高以及操作简单等优点。     

陇西民和黄土CaCO3和有机碳总量的含量变化及其气候指标的局限性

民和黄土地处黄土高原与青藏高原东北缘的交接部位,对气候反应较敏感,对该黄土1.87-0.70Ma BP段进行了CaCO3和有机碳总量（TOC）的采样分析。民和黄土CoCO3含量在5.89%-18.63%之间变化,平均11.41%;有机碳含量较低,在0.007%-0.452%之间,平均0.088%。民和黄土中的CaCO3含量明显高于兰州、洛川和西安等地,而有机碳含量则远低于上述地区。黄土中CaCO3和有机碳含量变化反映了该区1.87Ma BP以来气候变干冷的趋向。分别受复杂的CaCO3来源与类型、困难的采样、地区上的差异对比等和有机碳保存条件、沉积速率以及“埋藏效应”的影响,黄土中的CaCO3和有机碳的波动变化作为气候变化的替代性指标存在一定的局限性。文章最后指出,在实际应用中,黄土（特别是黄土高原西北部）中CaCO3和有机碳气候指标应结合其他环境指标共同使用,才能从中提取正确的古气候信息。     

The total operating characteristic to measure diagnostic ability for multiple thresholds

The relative operating characteristic (ROC) is a popular statistical method to measure the association between observed and diagnosed presence of a characteristic. The diagnosis of presence or absence depends on whether the value of an index variable is above a threshold. ROC considers multiple possible thresholds. Each threshold generates a two-by-two contingency table, which contains four central entries: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections. ROC reveals for each threshold only two ratios, hits/(hits + misses) and false alarms/(false alarms + correct rejections). This article introduces the total operating characteristic (TOC), which shows the total information in the contingency table for each threshold. TOC maintains desirable properties of ROC, while TOC reveals strictly more information than ROC in a manner that makes TOC more useful than ROC. We illustrate the concepts with an application to land change science.     

云南腾冲青海湖泊沉积物物化参数的特点、环境意义及末次冰消期以来气候环境变化

根据对云南腾冲青海湖泊沉积钻孔样品的粒度特征、总有机碳、碳酸盐、磁化率及年代学分析测试,探讨了各指标的变化特点及其环境指示意义,指出了云南高原湖泊沉积物化指标的特殊性及其变化特点.在此基础上,重建了云南腾冲地区末次冰消期(15830a B.P.)以来沉积环境与气候干湿变化历史.通过青海沉积物年代序列的重建和综合各物化参数分析得出,云南腾冲地区自15830a B.P.以来总体呈现冷湿-温湿-暖干-温和偏干的气候演变过程,并可分为4个阶段,即15830～12790a B.P.气候温凉偏湿;12790～4680a B.P.为温暖湿润期,湖泊水位高,气候湿暖,降水多;4680～312a B.P.气候特征呈现出从温湿到暖干气候逐渐演化,降水减少,湖泊水位下降;312a B.P.以来气候特征为前期温和湿润,后期具有暖干化特征,反映了近几十年来全球气候变暖导致的气候变化趋势并叠加了研究区人类活动对区域环境的影响.