Monitoring Large-Scale Tests for Nuclear Waste Disposal

Two large-scale “in situ” demonstration experiments and their instrumentation are described. The first test (FEBEX Experiment) involves the hydration of a compacted bentonite barrier under the combined effect of an inner source of heat and an outer water flow from the confining saturated granite rock. In the second case, the progressive de-saturation of Opalinus clay induced by maintained ventilation of an unlined tunnel is analyzed. The paper shows the performance of different sensors (capacitive cells, psychrometers, TDR’s) and a comparison of fill behaviour with modelling results. The long term performance of some instruments could also be evaluated specially in the case of FEBEX test. Capacitive sensors provide relative humidity data during long transient periods characterised by very large variations of suction within the bentonite.     

Field Measurement of Suction, Water Content, and Water Permeability

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented.     

Evaluating soil moisture estimation from ground-penetrating radar hyperbola fitting with respect to a systematic time-domain reflectometry data collection in a boreal podzolic agricultural field

The upper 30 cm of the soil profile, which hosts the majority of the root biomass, can be considered as the shallow agricultural root zone of most temperate crops. The electromagnetic wave velocity in the soil obtained from reflection hyperbolas in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can be used to estimate soil moisture (SM). Finding shallow hyperbolas in a radargram and minimizing the subjective error associated with the hyperbola fitting are the main challenges in this approach. Nevertheless, we were motivated by the recent improvements of hyperbola fitting algorithms, which can reduce the subjective error and processing time. To overcome the difficulty of finding very shallow hyperbolas, we applied the hyperbola fitting method to reflections ranging from 27- to 50-cm depth using a 500-MHz centre-frequency GPR and compared the estimated moisture with vertically installed, 30-cm-long time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. We also compared TDR and GPR sample areas in a 2-D plane using different GPR survey types and different hyperbola depths. SM measured with TDR and GPR were not significantly different according to Mann–Whitney's test. Our analyses showed that a root mean square error of 0.03 m³ m⁻³ was found between the two methods. In conclusion, the proposed method might be suitable to estimate SM with an acceptable accuracy within the root zone if the soil profile is fairly uniform within the application depth range.     

岩石边坡基质-植被-大气系统的水分循环

基质-植被系统是岩石边坡植被护坡工程的主要功能构件,其水分循环过程影响工程效应的实现.以高羊茅为建植植物,用TDR水分测定仪对不同表面处理、不同坡度的模拟边坡进行了1年的定位观测试验,研究了岩石边坡基质-植被-大气系统的水分循环过程.结果显示:坡度是影响岩石边坡基质-植被-大气系统水分循环的主要制约因素,坡度增加不仅降低坡面的实际受雨量,同时影响基质的水分输入,系统的蒸散量随坡度增加而降低,但变化幅度较小;试验地气象条件下,生长季的自然降水可满足45°及0°坡面植被所需,75°坡面则出现水分亏缺;由于基质良好的水分物理特性,坡面产流为蓄满产流,受降雨特征及基质初期含水量的影响较小,在同一时空条件下,不同坡面处理的基质含水量表现出微小差异,为喷射混凝土面>灰岩>砂岩.研究从水分循环角度提出了植被护坡技术应用的工程调整措施,为工程应用提供了必要的技术理论支持.     

TDR技术在石油天然气长输管道滑坡监测中的应用研究

随着我国西南山区石油天然气常输管道的大规模建设,各类边坡问题将会层出不穷,滑坡检测将成为管道运营检测的重要组成部分。文中对实际滑坡治理工程中的TDR监测成果进行分析,将其与传统的监测手段对比,总结TDR技术在滑坡监测实际应用中的优缺点。同时,提出了TDR技术与长输管道自动化监视和控制体系-SCADA系统相结合的理念,可通过SCADA系统克服TDR技术绝大部分的缺点,在石油天然气常输管道滑坡检测中有着十分广阔的应用前景。     

非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验及多物理量联合监测

对非饱和土降雨入渗过程及其致灾机制的深入认识有赖于室内外试验及多物理量联合监测。基于离心机超重力环境下土体响应监测技术,开展了非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验,测试研究了超重力环境对新研制的微型TDR探针及张力计测量的影响规律,并利用TDR、张力计及弯曲元对降雨入渗过程中土体响应进行多物理量联合监测。研究结果表明:在不同离心加速度下微型TDR探针与给定含水率土体实测原始波形重合,说明超重力环境对TDR测试没有影响,含水率的测试误差在2%以内。在离心机加速过程中,张力计所测吸力下降约2.0~2.9 kPa,当离心加速度稳定在40g时,所测吸力在10min内上升并接近常重力下土体初始吸力。在降雨入渗过程中,埋设在同一深度的TDR探针、张力计和弯曲元对湿润锋响应的时间点基本一致,降雨入渗导致土体含水率增加,基质吸力降低,剪切波速降低。这些多物理量监测数据有助于建立非饱和土含水率-吸力-剪切模量之间的关系。     

时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量标定曲线评价与方案推荐

时域反射仪（Time Domain Reflectometry）可用于室内和田间快速、 准确、 自动测定土壤含水量, 是目前应用最广泛的土壤含水量测定方法之一。适宜的土壤含水量标定曲线（即土壤表观介电常数和土壤含水量之间的关系）是TDR准确测定土壤含水量的关键。目前文献中存在大量的土壤含水量标定曲线, 但尚未有研究对这些标定曲线进行系统的验证和分析评价。因此, 它们的准确性和适用范围尚不明晰, 严重影响到与土壤含水量测定相关的研究。通过查阅大量国内外文献, 收集整理了一系列土壤含水量标定曲线的经验公式（19个）和半经验半物理模型（5个）, 并利用大量的文献实测数据对其进行综合评价。同时运用均方根差（RMSE）, 平均误差（AD）, 纳什效率系数（NSE）等三个指标对比分析和评价这些标定曲线的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明： 经验公式中Topp、 Roth（1992）2、 Jacobosen、 Yoshikawa2、 Alharathi模型和半经验模型中Malicki1公式及其修订模型综合性能较好。研究成果可为利用TDR准确测定土壤含水量及土壤含水量标定曲线的选择提供参考和指导。     

TDR测定土壤含水量的标定研究

探讨了TDR测定土壤含水量的原理,并对黑河上游阿柔试验样地取土样进行了土壤体积含水量测定的室内标定试验,得出相关性较好的TDR测定土壤体积含水量的关系式.结果表明:通过室内土样同填建立的,TDR测定的体积含水量与土壤实际含水量相关性很好,可以利用TDR精确的测定土壤含水量,为黑河遥感项目提供精确的地面土壤水分数据,为遥感反演和验证提供基础数据.所得到 的标定结果对于具有相同土质的黑河中游土壤具有参考价值.     

Two-phase hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of wave-generated sheet flow

This numerical investigation was carried out to advance mechanistic understanding of sediment transport under sheet flow conditions. An Euler–Euler coupled two-phase flow model was developed to simulate fluid–sediment oscillatory sheet flow. Since the concentration of sediment particles is high in such flows, the kinematics of the fluid and sediment phases are strongly coupled. This model includes interaction forces, intergranular stresses and turbulent stress closure. Each phase was modeled via the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations, with interphase momentum conservation accounting for the interaction between the phases. The generation and transformation of turbulence was modeled using the two-equation k–ε$k''–''\epsilon$ turbulence model. Concentration and sediment flux profiles were compared with experimental data for sheet flow conditions considering both symmetric and asymmetric oscillatory flows. Sediment and fluid velocity variations, concentration profiles, sediment flux and turbulence parameters of wave-generated sheet flow were studied numerically with a focus on sediment transport characteristics. In all applications, the model predictions compared well with the experimental data. Unlike previous investigations in which the flow is driven by a horizontal pressure gradient, the present model solves the Navier–Stokes equations under propagating waves. The model’s ability to predict sediment transport under oscillatory sheet flow conditions underscores its potential for understanding the evolution of beach morphology.     

时间域反射法用于滑坡监测的试验研究

依据时间域反射测试技术（TDR）的基本原理,提出了TDR技术在滑坡监测中的野外工作方法。为了更好地了解电缆的变化规律,进行了室内试验。结合实际应用,给出了TDR监测滑坡的野外应用实例。通过对室内模拟试验和野外应用试验数据的分析、对比,讨论了TDR监测滑坡的实际应用效果和有效性。研究结果表明,与传统的滑坡监测方法相比较,TDR用于滑坡监测的技术方法比较新颖,具有节省时间、成本低廉、定位准确等特点。由此可见,TDR用于滑坡监测,能够实现快速、实时、连续监测。