石亭江水平定向钻穿越施工技术浅析

文章主要阐述了兰成渝输油管道石亭江定向穿越施工技术方法和过程中遇到的问题,其中取得的经验和教训对今后采用何种方法穿越大粒径、大范围、大厚度的卵石地层具有一定的借鉴意义。     

卵石地层的特殊性及其对基坑支护的影响分析

主要从卵石地层的特征分类、特殊结构及场内施工条件3个方面,对基坑支护结构选型及施工工艺选择进行深入、系统的分析论证,力求使在卵石地层中的基坑支护设计方案更科学、经济,使施工方法、工艺更具可操作性。     

关于卵石地层“粘聚力”的分析、探讨及原位剪切试验成果分析、验证

通过对卵石地层的结构进行深入分析,认为其所具有的特殊结构会产生"粘聚力"的效果。同时,通过对卵石地层进行原位剪切试验,其测试成果"粘聚力"不等于0,且数值显著,由此,进一步证明需对卵石地层的"粘聚力"进行重新认识、合理取值。     

The influence of microform bed roughness elements on flow and sediment transport in gravel bed rivers

Pebble clusters are reported widely as characteristic of gravel river beds and are known to influence the initial entrainment of bedload. A field assessment suggests that their distribution is not ubiquitous, favouring channel bars, but also reveals a tendency towards a preferred stream wise spacing. A series of laboratory flume experiments shows that flow resistance rises to, and falls from, a peak value as the longitudinal spacing of pebble clusters decreases, in a manner similar to that shown by others for strip roughness, isolated blocks, and simulated ripples and dunes. The experiments also reveal a strong inverse relationship between bedload flux rates and the flow resistance induced by the concentration of pebble clusters. It is concluded that pebble cluster spacing tends towards an equilibrium that is regulated by a feedback process involving sediment transport rates and that the spatial concentration of these microforms will adjust to the point where they induce maximum flow resistance.     

High-resolution grain-size characterisation of gravel bars using imagery analysis and geo-statistics

The scarcity of grain-size data from gravel-bed rivers has traditionally hindered hydraulic, sediment transport and river habitat studies. A new remote sensing methodology to estimate grain-size distribution is presented. It combines textural digital images of the riverbed at 1 : 1000 and 1 : 40 scales with grain-size sampling. It was applied to a 12-km reach of the Isábena River (Central Pyrenees NE Spain). First, textural patterns for each grain-size range were obtained, selecting the most closely related texture variables, including the use of semivariograms. Second, multiple linear regression equations were derived from the textural variables to estimate each value of the grain-size distribution. The highest correlation values (r²) were obtained from the central part of the distribution (D₅₀ with a RMS error of 12.7%). Finally, new multiple linear regression equations to estimate the D₅₀ and D₈₄ were obtained from 1 : 1000 images and four textural variables. These were used to derive D₅₀ and D₈₄ maps of the riverbed, re-sampled at a resolution of 1.5 m pixels, with RMS estimation errors of 26% and 32%, respectively. Downstream change in grain-size is also well reproduced by the method. The mean D₅₀ of 72 and 32 mm were estimated in the upper and the lower reaches of the river, respectively. The methodology shows great potential for application, the relation between the spatial resolution of the images and the mean grain-size of the riverbed sediment being the main issue for future development.     

阿尔金山东段山前砾石钙膜累积速率及其在估算断层活动年代方面的应用

干旱－半干旱地区冲洪积物顶面土壤中发育的砾石钙膜含有明显的年龄信息,其工及由统计计算得到的累积速率可用来估算所在冲洪积物或土壤的形成年代。     

The spatial characterization of turbulence around large roughness elements in a gravel-bed river

This study characterizes the flow field above and around multiple instream submerged cobbles, boulders, and pebble clusters in order to obtain a better understanding of the hydrodynamics associated with large roughness elements (LREs) in gravel-bed rivers. Spatially distributed high frequency, three-dimensional velocity measurements were recorded in situ using acoustic Doppler velocimeters at different flow stages. The spatial distributions of turbulent kinetic energy, k_e, longitudinal component integral timescales, ITS_u, and Reynolds shear stresses were characterized and are presented for selected sites. The longitudinal–vertical Reynolds shear stress increased with flow stage more strongly than the longitudinal–lateral or lateral–vertical Reynolds shear stresses and dominate at the highest measured flows. Canonical redundancy analysis was used to relate LRE morphometrics and mean flow conditions to the turbulence parameters estimated in the LRE wakes (i.e., k_e, ITS_u, and Reynolds shear stresses). LRE size and mean unobstructed velocity explained the highest proportion of the variance in the turbulent wake statistics. Multivariate regression models based on LRE width, mean unobstructed longitudinal velocity and flow depth are presented offering a tool to predict LRE wake turbulence.     

Geochemistry of Archean Radioactive Quartz Pebble Conglomerates and Quartzites from western margin of Singhbhum-Orissa Craton,eastern India: Implications on Paleo-weathering,provenance and tectonic setting

Lenses of radioactive Quartz Pebble Conglomerates (QPC) and associated quartzites are exposed along western margin of Archean Bonai Granite in Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India intermittently spreading over a strike length of 8–10 km. QPCs are radioactive while quartzites are mostly non-radioactive in nature. The purpose of the research is to investigate and characterize the radioactive QPC and quartzites geochemically to decipher their paleo-weathering conditions, provenance characteristics and possible tectonic setting of deposition. Geochemical data suggest moderate to high chemical weathering conditions in the provenance areas of QPC and quartzites. Major, trace and REE data indicate predominantly felsic to partly mafic-ultramafic sources for the deposition of radioactive Quartz Pebble Conglomerates from the surrounding Archean terrain.Elevated values of Th, U, Pb, La, Ce, Y and low Sc with high critical trace elemental ratios of Th/Sc, La/Sc, Th/Cr and Zr/Sc in radioactive QPC indicate their derivation from felsic igneous source. Low concentration of Th and Sc in quartzites compared to QPC and their variable Th/Sc ratios indicate both felsic and mafic sources for quartzites, albeit their preferential felsic affiliation. Higher Cr/Th ratios in quartzites (18.4), moderate Cr/Th in QPC (5.42), low to moderate Y/Ni in QPC (0.36–12.4) and quartzite (0.29–1.88), along with Au ranging from 30 to 1527 ppb, Pt up to 188 ppb and 682 ppb in QPC and quartzites respectively point towards some contribution from mafic-ultramafic source as well. REE patterns and in particular negative Eu anomalies for both QPC and quartzites further support their derivation from felsic rocks and could possibly linked to some of the phases of Archean Singhbhum Granite and Bonai Granite. Granitic to pegmatitic source for QPC is also revealed by the presence of rounded to sub-rounded monazite, zircon and thorian-uraninite grains in their matrix. Study indicates that QPC and quartzites were deposited in a passive margin tectonic setting developed during Archean between a span of 3.3 and 3.16 Ga along the western margin of Bonai Granite when the reducing condition was prevalent as indicated by their low Th/U ratios (<4.0) and presence of detrital grains of uraninite and pyrite in QPC. Radioactive QPC from western margin of Archean Singhbhum-Orissa Craton bears broad resemblance with QPC from Witwatersrand basin of South Africa and Elliot Lake, Canada and thus appears to be ideal sites for exploring QPC hosted U (+Au-PGE) mineralization in the analogous areas.     

金沙江下游卵石推移质输移分析

金沙江下游的推移质输移规律及其泥沙来量和级配对梯级水库的淤积分布以及河势将产生长远影响,需要开展深入研究。在金沙江下游入库控制站三堆子水文站水尺上游100 m布设推移质测验断面,对该站2007年、2008年的推移质进行了测验;分析了卵石推移质的年内分布、横向分布、级配以及推移质输移与水位、流量、流速的关系。研究表明:三堆子河段卵石推移质具有数量大、粒径大、时间集中、强推带集中、推移带随水位左右摆动的特征;全年输沙量接近500000 t;最大粒径卵石一般在140～170 m之间,最大粒径230 mm以上;推移量主要集中在汛期,尤以7～9月为甚,占全年的90%以上;强推带为140～180 m 4条垂线,其输沙量占整个断面输沙量的90%以上;洪水期推移带向右岸偏移,低水期则向左岸偏移。